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endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what are neurosecretory (a few endocrine glands are made of it)

A

Modified neurons that secrete chemical messengers that diffuse into blood stream rather than accross a synapse (adrenal medulla)

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2
Q

6 anterior pituitary

A

Anterior pituitary:

1. TSH-thyroid-stimulating hormone: stimulates thyroid cells to produce THYROXINE (T4) and TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) brain development, metabolism, reproduction
2. ACTH-adrenocorticoytopic hormone: stimulates cortisole secretion from adrenal cortex
3. GH-growth hormone: growth and metabolic effect
4. FSH- follicle-stimulating hormone and LH-luteinizing hormone: act on gonads, growth of follicles, ovulation, Leydig cell stimulation of testosterone, FSH in male, androgen binding protein expression by Sertoli cells
5. PRL-prolactin, milk synthesis from mammary glans
6. MSH-melanocyte stimulating hormone
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3
Q

2 posterior pituitary

A
  1. Vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone acts on kidneys

2. Oxytocin-milk let down and uterine contractions

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4
Q

endocrine glands and major functions

A
  1. PINEAL GLANDS: produces melatonin which controls biological (circadian) rhythm
    1. THYORID GLAND: produces T3 and T4, CALCITONIN to decrease plasma controls how quickly the body burns ENERGY, makes PROTEINS-metabolism regulator
    2. ADRENAL CORTEX: mineralocorticoids, ex: ALDOSTERONE (acts on kidney to cause conservation of sodium, overall retention of water), corticosteroids ex: CORTISOLE (increases BP and blood sugar and reduces immune responses, anti-inflammatory), and ANDROGENS ex: DHEA (sex steroids)
    3. ADRENAL MEDULLA: epinephrine and norepinephrine-stress adaptation
    4. PANCREAS: insulin, glucagon and somatostatin-nutreient levels and utilization
    5. GONADS: produce testosterone (testes) and estrogen and progesterone (ovaries)
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5
Q

iodine deficiency

A
  • Iodine= essential for production of thyroixine, so if its lacking, the thyroid gland can be enlarged, resulting in the swollen necks of endomic goiter
    • Children with thyroid hormone deficiency=
      1. Growth and development problems
      2. Brain dev. Can be severely impaired = condition called CRETINISM (stunted physical and mental growth)
    • Area: himalayas, alps, africa, india
    • DURING PREGNANCY: caused almost 18 million babies a year to be born with mental impairement
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6
Q

Examples of hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones

A

hydropholic:
Insulin from the pancreas
Catcholamines (adrenal hormones) like epinephrine

Lipophilic:

  • include thyroid hormone (it is an iodinated tyroise derivative)
    • steroids (all derived from cholesterol ex: cortisol from adrenal cortex and sex hormones
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7
Q

general function to classify hormones

A
  1. Tropic hormones (ex: ACTH target reproductive tissues)
    1. Sex hormones
    2. Anabolic hormones ex: testosterone stimulates protein synthesis
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8
Q

5 examples of steroid hormones

A
  1. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid(adrenals)
    1. Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid (adrenals)
    2. Estradiol, an estrogen (ovary and testis)
    3. Progesterone (ovary-CL(
    4. Testosterone, an androgen (testis-leydig cells)
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9
Q

types of hormones with examples

A
  1. PEPTIDE HORMONES: ex: oxytovin and antidiuretic
    1. AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES ex: catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla), thyroid hormones
    2. STEROID HORMONES
    3. GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES ex: hCG (human chronic hormone-pregnancy recognition)
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10
Q

3 combined hormones actions + example

A
  1. SYNERGISM: Ex: glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol have all an effect on the glucose concentration in the blood. So instead of working independently, they will act together and the result will be better than if we made an addition
  2. PERMISSIVENESS- One hormone cant fully exert its effects unless a second hormone is present, even tough this hormone has no apparent action (so dont additionne the result)
    Ex: gonadotropin nees the presence of thyroid hormone to act on the reproductive system
  3. ANTAGONIST:- They may compete for the same receptor, or somethimes they just exert their actions in different metabolic pathways
    • Ex: glucagon and insulin are antagonist
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11
Q

sensitivity

A

Up- regulation: increased number of hormone receptors increases sensitivy-hormones often rgulate own receptor levels
DOWN-REGULATION: decreased number of hormone receptors decreases sensitivity

** sensitiviy depends on number of receptors that cell has

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12
Q

difference between mechanism of peptide vs steroid

A
  1. Effect of the hormone= amplified because of the cascade reactions:
    So the result can be disproportionnaly great when compared to the amount of hormone present
    1. The second messenger mechanism operates much more quickly than steroid mechanism
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13
Q

example of negative feedback calicum and PTH

A
  1. Lactation reduces Ca concentration
    1. Detected by parathyroid glands
    2. Parathyroid glands increase secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormone) which control Ca concentration
    3. PTH simulates OSTEOCLASTS in bone to release more Ca+_ from storage in bone tissue
    4. Ca increases
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14
Q

pituitary gland, composition + roles of every part

A
  • SIZE: 1.2 to 1.5 cm across, weight: 0.5g
    • ANTERIOR PITUITARY: It is a true endocrine gland of
      Epithelial origin
    • POSTERIOR PITUITARY:
      It is an extension of the neural tissue: it secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus
    • INFUNDIBULUM: the stalk that connects the pituitary to the brain
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15
Q

Target organs of the hormones of the anterior pituitary:

A

Target organs of the hormones of the anterior pituitary:

1. PROLACTIN: mammary glands (prolactin is the only  anterior pituitary hormones that targets a non endocrine gland)
2. GH: musculoskeletal system
3. TSH: thyroid gland
4. ACTH: adrenal cortex
5. GONADOTROPINS (LH and FSH):  gonads (ovary and testis)
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16
Q

target of posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormones): kidney tubules

Oxytocin: mammary glands and uterus smooth muscle

17
Q

first: hypothalamic hormone
two: anterior pituitary hormone
three: endocrine targets and the hormone they secrete
OR non endocrine targets

** for every hormone!!

A
  1. dopamine
  2. PROLACTIN
  3. nonendocrine target: breast
  4. TRH (TYROTROPHS)
  5. TSH (thyroid stimulatin hormone)
  6. thyroid gland: thyroid hormones (T3-T4) to many tissues
  7. CRH (corticotrophs)
  8. ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)
  9. adrenal cortex : cortisol : many tissues
  10. GHRH (somatotrophs)
  11. GH (growth hormone; somatotropin)
  12. two options: liver: insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
    or many tissues (nonendocrine glands)
  13. GnRH (gonadotrophs)
  14. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinixing hormone)
  15. endocrine cells of the gonads: androgens (for male) or estrogen and progesterone for female which then go to the germ cells of the glands

** lactotrophs from the anterior pituitary secrete PRL

18
Q

composition of anterior pituitary

A

Tissue is composed of irregular clumps of SECRETARY CELLS supported by fine connective tissue fibers and surrunded by a rich vascular network

19
Q

role of GH

A
  • Stimulate the liver to produce grwoth factors which accelerates AA transport into cells
    1. Promote growth of BONE, MUSCLE… by accelerating AA transport into the cell-all process involve protein metabolism
    2. GH also stimulates lipid metabolism
      - Accelerates mobilization of lipids from cells and speeds up LIPID CATABOLISM. It shifts a cells use of nutrients from glucose catabolism to lipid catabolism
      * * hyperglycemic affect (opposite effects of insulin):
    3. Promotes protein anabolism
    4. Promote lipid mobilization and catabolization
    5. Indirectly inhibits glucose metabolism by shifting energy yse to lipid catabolism
    6. Indirectly increases blood glucose
20
Q

4 tropic hormones of anterior pituitary

A

TROPIC HORMONE: hormones that have stimulating effect on other endocrine glands and tend to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of the target hormone

4 hormones are produced and secreted by the BASOPHILS OF THE PARS ANTERIOR

1. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone): promotes + maintains growth and dev of thyroid; causes thyroid to secrete T3 and T4 (thyroid regulates metabolism)
2. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone): promote + maintains normal growth and dev. Of cortex of adrenal glands; also stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete some of its hormones CORTISOL and ALDOSTERONE
3. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone):
- In females: acts on ovary where it stimulates primary graffian follicles to grow toward maturity; also secretion of estrogen
- Males: stimulate dev. Of seminiferous tubules of testes and maintanins spermatogenesis. Acts on Sertoli cells

4. LH (luteinizing hormone):
- Females: stimulates formation + activity of corpus luteum of ovary; corpus luteum secretes progesterone + estrogen when stimulated by LH; LH aslo supports FSH (stimulates follicules maturation)
- In males: stimulate interstitial cells (leydig cells) in testes to develop + secrete testosterone
21
Q

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus in the portal system

A

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus in the portal system:

1. Growth hormon releasing or inhibiting hormone (GHRH or GHIH)
2. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
3. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
5. Prolactin releasing or inhibiting hormone (PRH or PIH)
22
Q

hypercortisole secretion

A
  • Normal cortisol action:
    1. Protein breakdown
    2. Glucose formation
    3. Lipolysis
    4. Anti-inflammatory effects
    5. Depression of immune responses
    • hypersecretion exagerate an hormone effects
      • Numerous causes:
        1. Bening tumours (adenomas), cancerous tumours of endocrine glands
        Ex: cushing’s disease: hypersecretion of cortisol
      • Causes:
        1. Tumor of adrenal gland secreting cortisol, a tumor elsewhere secreting ACTH which then stimulates too much secretion of cortisol
      • Symtoms:
        2. Breakdown of muscles protein and redistribution of body fat
        Results: spindly arms and legs with a rounded moon face, pendulous abdomen, flushed apperance
23
Q

hormone deficience (hypo thyroid secretion)

A

NORMAL ACTIONS OF THYROID HORMONES:

1. Increase basal metabolic rate: stimulates the use of O2 to produce ATP
2. CALORIGENIC EFFECT: stimulates synthesis of additional sodium-potassium ATPase
3. Stimulate protein synthesis and increase use of glucose and FA for ATP production
4. Enhances actions of catecholamines
5. Accelerate body growth

SYMPTOMS:

1. Swelling of facial tissues (puffiness)
2. Slow heart rate
3. Low body temperature
4. Sensitivity to cold
5. Dry hair and skin

CAUSES

- Iodine deficiency
- Stress
- Congenital (rare)
24
Q

types 2 diabetes (lost of sensitivity to insulin(

A

NORMAL INSULIN ACTION:

1. Accelerated facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
2. Speed conversion of glucose into glycogen
3. Increase uptake of AA and increase protein synthesis
4. Speed synthesis of FA (lipogenesis)
5. Slows glycogenolysis
6. Slows gluconeogenesis
CAUSES : obesity
SYMPTOMS: 
	- High blood glucose
	- Weight loss
	- Excessive thirst
	- Frequent urination

mammalian physiology (8 decks)

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