nervous system

Question 1

sympathetic vs parasympathetic of the eye, skin, circulatory system, respiratory system and adrenal glands

Answer 1

1. EYE
   
   • S: dilation of pupil, focusing for near vision, (tear glands): secretion
   • P: constriction of pupil, focusing for distance vision, none
   2. SKIN
      - For sweat glands:
      S: increases secretion
      P: none(none innervated)
      - For arrector pili muscles
      S: contraction, erection of hairs
      P: none
   3. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
      - Blood vessels:
      S: vasoconstriction and vasodilatation
      P: none
      - Heart:
      S: increases heart rate, force of contraction and blood pressure
      P: decreased heart rate, force of contraction and blood pressure
   4. ADRENAL GLANDS
      S: secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal medullae
      P: none
   5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
      - Airways:
      S: increases diameter
      P: decreases diameter
      - Respiratory rate:
      S: increases rate
      P: decreases rate

Question 2

sympathetic vs parasympathetic of digestive system, skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, urinary system, reproductive system

Answer 2

1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
   
   • General level of activity
     S: decreases activity
     P: increases activity
   • Liver:
     S: glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis and release
     P: glycogen synthesis
   6. SKELETAL MUSCLES
      S: increases force of contraction, glycogen breakdown
      P: none
   7. ADIPOSE TISSUE:
      S: lipid breakdown, FA release
      P; none
   8. URINARY SYSTEM
      - Kidneys:
      S: decreases urine production
      P: increases urine production
      - Urinary bladder:
      S: constricts sphincter, relaxes urinary bladder
      P: tenses urinary bladder, relaxes sphincter to eliminate urine
   9. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
      S: increased glandular secretions; ejaculation in males
      P: erection of penis or clitoris

Question 3

BBB

Answer 3

BBB (BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER)

- Double barrier:
1. Astrocyte feet
2. Endothelial cells that make the wall of the capillaries iN TIGHT JUNCTIONS)
- Lipid soluble protein such as ethanol and caffeine can penetrate easily through the barrier but not water molecules substances
- Liposome A (spherical vesicle with a phospholipid bilayer) used to deliver drugs or genetic material in a cell. Lipid bilayer can fuse with other bilayers (cell membrane) to deliver their content

Question 4

glial cells of the central nervous system

Answer 4

1. Astrocytes (for the BBB, transfert nutrients from the blood to the neurons, MOST NUMEROUS
   
   2. MICROGLIA: macrophage of the brain, ususally stationnary
   3. EPENDYMAL CELLS: resemble epithelial cells, form thin sheets that line flui-filled cavities in the CNS
   4. OLIGODENDRITES; hold nerve fibers together and produce the myelin sheath in the CNS

Question 5

what is multiple sclerosis

Answer 5

• Disorder of oligodendrites
  
  • MOST COMMON DISEASE OF THE CNS
  • Myelin loss + destruction
  • Plaque-like lesions from-detected by MRI
  • Failure in nerve condition
  • Interrupted communication
  • Treatment, immune modulatinf inflammation reducing