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mammalian physiology > LAB 1 histology > Flashcards

LAB 1 histology Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions epithelium

A
  1. Protection
    1. Sensory function
    2. Secretion-glandular epithelium
    3. Absorption
    4. Extrection
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2
Q

3 steps to classify of covering and lining epithelia

A
  1. NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS
    - one layer: simple epithelium. They are very thin, allow passage between lumen and tissues
    - several layers: STRATIFIED epithelium: main function iis to protect tissue that they cover
  2. SHAPE OF THE CELLS:
    - flat: SQUAMOUS epithelium (nuclei are flat and parallel)
    - square: CUBOIDAL epithelium (nuclei are oval and parallel)
    - rectangular: COLUMNAR epithelium (nuclei are round and middle of the cell)
  3. SPECIALIZATION OF THEIR CELL SURFACES (cilia, microvilli)
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3
Q

simple and stratified squamous

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS:

- Location: air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, kidney glomeruli,
- Function: lubrification * * thinnest of all so good for diffusion, secretion, filtration

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

    • thickiest of all the epithelium
      • Location: skin, mouth..
      • Lubrification, protection
      • May contain keratin (skin) or not (wet surfaces such as vagina, tongue, esophagus..)
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4
Q

simple, pseudostratified and stratified columnar

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR:
- Location: stomach, intestines, uterus
- Function: protective, SA, secrete mucus
** non-ciliated: contains microvilli on the apical surface (increase surface area) so found in the digestive
Ciliated: found in the respiratory system, part of the uterus and uterine tubes

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR:

- Location: trachea, fallopian, tubes
- Role: movement * * cilia: trachea, upper respiratory * * non-cilia: male urethra

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR:

- Location: vas defense, male urethra
- Function: support and some movement
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5
Q

simple and stratified cuboidal

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL:

- Location: ovaries, kidney tubules, thyroid glans
- Role: secretion and absorption

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL:

- Location: mammary glands, sweat glands
- Role: secretion, absorption and protections
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6
Q

transitional epithelial

A

TRANSITIONAL

- Location: bladder
- Role: stretch, protection against seepgae
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7
Q

exocrine vs endocrine glands

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS: discharge secretions into ducts (not going in the blood but outside)
Ex: salivary or sweat gland

ENDOCRINE GLANDS: ductless glands; discharge secretions directly into the blood or intestitial fluid
Ex: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

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8
Q

types of glandular epithelium

A
  1. APOCRINE: product pinches off and is released from Apex
    • Mammary glands
    • Hair follicle sweat glands (at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the hair follicle; produce an odorless, oily, opaque secretion that gains its characteristics odor upon bacterial decomposition
    • Goblet cells (in colon)
    1. HOLOCRINE: product collect in the cell, then when product is released the plasma membrane ruptures
      Ex: sebaceous gland
    2. MEROCRINE (or eccrine): secrete product through plasma membrane. Most common type
      Ex: salivary gland, gastric glands, sweat glands in body acting in cooling system
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9
Q

functions connective tissue

A

Functions:

1. Binding, support and packaging
2. Protection, defense and repair
3. Insulation (by adipose tissue)
4. Transportation (blood)

General characterisics: ECM predominates in most connective tissues and determines its physical characteristics

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10
Q

Cells that secrete the extracellular matrix that is characteritsic of the tissue:

A
  1. Connective tissue proper: FIBROBLASTS
    1. Cartilage: CHONDROBLASTS
    2. Bone: OSTEOBLASTS
    3. Blood: hemocytoblast

** other things in the matrix: white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages, antibody…

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11
Q

4 types connective tissue

A
  1. FIBROUS (connective tissue proper)
    • LOOSE (aerolar): ex: fascia, fat (protection and insulation) ** lots of fibroblasts, elastic fiber…
    • DENSE REGULAR: ex: tendons and ligaments (flexible but strong)
    • DENSE IRREGULAR: ex: symphysis pubis joint
    1. CARTILAGE (elastic- fibrocartilage- hyaline)
      Gives firm but flexible support.
      - Elastoc: ear, epiglottis
      - Hyaline: trachea rings, joint surface of bone, larynx
      - Fibrocartilage: symphysis pubis joint
    2. BONE
      - Compact bone
      - Spongy bone - mineralized ECM
    3. BLOOD
      - Transportation and protection
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12
Q

3 types of fiber in the ECM of connective tissue

A
  1. COLLAGEN fiber: the thoughest, resist longitudinal stress
  2. ELASTIC fibers: can be stretched but retake their initial form. Found in lungs and blood vessels walls
  3. RETICULAR fibers: form a branching network suporting soft organs such as the liver and spleen
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13
Q

composition ground substance connective tissue

A
  • INTERSTITIAL FLUID
  • CELL ADHESION PROTEINS: all connective tissue cells to attch themselevs to the matrix elements
  • PROTEOGLYCANS: where polysaccharides are attached

functions : support cells, bind them together and a medium for nutrients

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14
Q

cartilage

A
    • a lot of collagen fibers, elastin fibec fibers and proteoglycan
      • Differs from other tissue in that only one cell type is present: CHONDROCYTE
      • LACUNAE house cells: lacuna hole or pit- is a small space containing a chondrocyte in cartilage or an osteocyte in bone
      • Cartilage is avascular!!! Unlike other connective tissue, so repair more slowly

(( ECM is secrete by chondroblasts foun din the outer covering layer of cartilage. As it secrete the ECM it become trapped inside it so it matures in chondrocytes

Hyaline cartilages exists on the ventral ends of ribs; in the larynx, trachea and bronch +articular surface of bones

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15
Q

role of bone tissue

A
  1. Support
    1. Protection
    2. Point of attachment for muscles
    3. Reservoir for muscles
    4. Supports blood-forming tissue
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16
Q

epiphysis line growth of tibia, humerus and radius

A

Tibia:

- Upper end fuses at 16-18 years
- Lower end fuses at 15-17 years

humerus:

- Upper end during 20th year
- Lower end at about 16 years

Radius:

- Upper end during 18th year
- Lower end at 20 years
17
Q

parts of the compact bone

A
  1. HAVERSIAN CALA (blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue)
    1. CANALICULI (small canal allowing for nutrients to travel between lacunae)
    2. LAMELLAE (concentric rings- form the bone matrix)
    3. LACUNAE (spaces in the bone where the osteocytes are located)
    4. OSTEON: basic structural unit of compact bone
18
Q

functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation
    1. Regulation of body temp.
    2. Regulation of body pH
    3. White blood cells destroy bacteria
    4. Circulating blood tissue is formed in the red bone marrow by a process called HEMATOPOIESIS
19
Q

6 types of connective tissues with their function and location

A
  1. LOOSE FIBROUS:
    - location: under skin, in muscle
    • Function: nourishment, stretch
    1. ADIPOSE
      - Under skin, in muscle
      - Insulation, cushioning
    2. CARTILAGE:
      - Ears, nose, bone ends
      - Cushion, support
    3. DENSE FIBROUS
      - Ligaments and tendons
      - Pulling/pushing, forces
    4. BONE
      - Skeleton
      - Suppoet, protection
    5. BLOOD
      - Veins, arteries, heart
      - transport
20
Q

3 types of muscle with their microscopic characteristics

A
  1. SKELETAL MUSCLE (striated voluntary)
    • Cross striations
    • MULTINUCLEATED (normal)
    1. SMOOTH MUSCLE (nonstriated involuntary or visceral)
      - Elongated, fusiform shaped cells
      - No cross striations
      - ONE nucleus per cell
    2. CARDIAC MUSCLE (striated involuntary)
      - Branched cells with INTERCALATED DISKS (formed by meeting of plasma membranes of 2 cells)

mammalian physiology (8 decks)

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