Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
What is tissue?
A
A group of cells with common functions
2
Q
How can we differentiate tissue type under microscope?
A
Epithelial tissue-cells only
Connective tissue-cell living in matrix with fibers
Nerve tissue-Unique shape
3
Q
What are 4 main types of tissue?
A
Epithelial tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
4
Q
surfaces of epithelial tissue
A
Contains 2 surface
1)Apical surface-exposed exterior[face the lumen] and also contains cilia(func:Propel substance)or microvilli(Func:Secretion,absorption)
2)Basal surface-exposed interior [Face the organ] and connected with connective tissue
Basal lamina+reticular lumina forms sheet like structure
5
Q
Features of epithelial tissue
A
-contains 2 surface;apical and basal
-calls are arranged in side by side and held by tight junction,desmosomes
-Avascular(no blood vessels)
-innervated(supplied with nerves)
-regenerate very quickly
-all tissues are polarized(b/c of 2 surfaces)
6
Q
Functions of epithelial tissue
A
1)Protection
2)Exchanging nutrients
3)Synthesis and secretion
7
Q
Features of connective tissue
A
-contains cells + ground substance matrix + fibers
-derived from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
-vascular(except cartilage)
-Good nerve supply(except cartilage)
-cells can be distinguished by extracellular matrix
8
Q
Function of connective tissue
A
1)Connect body parts
2)Binding
3)Support
4)Protection
5)Insulation
6)Storage
7)Transportation
9
Q
Component of matrix
A
Intestial fluid + proteins + Protieoglycans
10
Q
Types of fibers in connective tissue
A
1)Collagen fibers-Tough
2)Elastic fibers-Stretch
3)Reticular fibers-Branching collagen that form networks
11
Q
Different cells types in connective tissue
A
Resident cells (that are fixed in tissue)
Transient cells( cells that can move between connective tissue and blood vessels)
12
Q
Cells that made up connective tissues proper(loose and dense)
Both mature and immature
A
Mature cells-Fibrocyte
Immature cells-Fibroblasts
13
Q
Cells that made up Cartilage
Both mature and immature
A
Mature cells-Chondrocytes
Immature cells-Chondroblasts
14
Q
Cells that made up Bone
Both mature and immature
A
Mature cells-Osteocytes
Immature cells-Osteoblasts
15
Q
Cells that made up blood
Both mature and immature
A
Mature cells and immature cells- Hemetopioetic stem cells
16
Q
Cells that made up fat
Both mature and immature
A
Mature cells-Adipocyte
Immature cells-Adipoblasts
17
Q
Cell division of connective tissue
A
Cells produce matrix and fibers during mitotic state
Eg.Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers and elastic fibers
18
Q
Features of Skeletal muscle
A
-Composed of muscle cells or muscle fibers
-All cells consist of filaments
-All muscle contraction relies on Ca2+ ions
-innervated
19
Q
Function of skeletal muscle
A
Body movement
20
Q
Features of Nervous tissue
A
All nervous tissue forms a brain
21
Q
Function of nervous tissue
A
Receive , processing and transmission of stimuli
22
Q
Epithelial cells types
A
Squamous—->flat cells
Cuboidal——>boxy cells
Columnar——->long cells
Each can be divided according to their shape either simple or stratified
23
Q
Detail classification of epithelial tissue
A
1)Simple squamous epithelium
2)Simple cuboidal epithelium
3)Simple columnar epithelium
4)Stratified squamous epithelium
5)Stratified cuboidal epithelium
6)Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
7)Transitional epithelium
8)Glandular epithelium
24
Q
Simple squamous epithelium
Cell shape and func
A
single,flat cells with disc-like nucleus
Function-exchange of material by DIFFUSION
Air sacs of lungs
Inner lining of blood vessels and heart
25
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Cell shape and func
Single layer of boxy cells
Function-Secretion and Absorption
Lining of intestines(Digestive juices secretion and nutrient absorption)
Lining of Fallopian tube(Movement of egg by cilia)
26
Simple columnar epithelium
Cell shape and func
Single layer of long cells
Function-secretion and absorption
Kidney tubules
Glands-Thyroid glands and salivary glands
27
Stratified squamous epithelium
Cell shape and func
Several layer of flat cells(basal surfaceမှာcellတွေပွါးပြီးregenerate မြန်မြန်ဖြစ်)
Function-Protection
Skin
Mouth
Esophagus
Rectum
Anus
Vagina
28
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Cell shape and func
Several layers of boxy cells
29
Pseudo-straitified squamous epithelium
Cell shape and func
Single layer of cells with wide spread nuclei(cellကone layerပေမဲ့nucleus တွေများနေလို့several layerထင်ရ)
Function-Secret and move mucus
Mucus membrane of respiratory tract and trachea
30
Transitional epithelium
Cell shape and func
Function-Cells that can stretch and change shape when cavity filled with liquid
Urinary bladder
Uterus
31
Glandular epithelium
Cell shape and func
Function-Secret hormone
Endocrine glands(glands without ducts)
Exocrine glands(glands with ducts)
32
Connective tissue types
1)Connective tissue proper—->Loose and Dense
2)Supporting connective tissue—->Bone and Cartilage
3)Liquid Connective tissue——>Blood and lymph
33
Types of Loose Connective tissue (Most abundant)
1)Areolar connective tissue
2)Adipose connective tissue
3)Reticular connective tissue
34
Types of Dense connective tissue
1)Regular connective tissue
2)Irregular connective tissue
3)Elastic connective tissue
35
Types of cartilage
1)Hyaline cartilage-most abundant
2)Elastic cartilage
3)Fibrocartilage-strongest
36
Areolar connective tissue and their function
-contains all 3 fibers but thin collagen fibers(loose meshဖြစ်နေ)
-few fibroblasts and most cells are transient types
function-wraps and cushion organs, binds to epithelia
Beneath epithelia
Site of inflammation and immune reaction
37
Adipose connective tissue and their function
-contains all 3 fibers but more sparse(ကျဲ)
function-stores fat(triglycerides), insulation, energy,padding
38
Reticular connective tissue and their function
-contains mainly reticular fibers
function-forms soft internal skeletal of lymph node,spleen and bone marrow
39
Difference between loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
Cells(Fibroblast) and fibers are loosely arranged in loose connective tissue
In dense connective tissue,fibroblasts and fibers are tightly packed with less ground substance
40
Regular connective tissue and their function
-mainly collagen fibers that are arranged in uniform alignment
Function-Tendon(connects muscle to bone)
Ligaments (connects bone to bone)
Aponeuroses(connects muscles directly to flat bone)
41
Irregular connective tissue and their function
-mainly collagen fibers that are arranged in non uniform alignment
Dermis
Organ capsule
42
Elastic connective tissue and their function
-Uniformly arranged elastic fibers
Submucosa(GI)
43
Features of Cartilage
-withstand tension and compression
-lacks never and blood supply
44
Hyaline cartilage and their function
-cells(chondrocyte) in lacunae
-rubbery matrix
Costal cartilage
articular cartilage
respiratory cartilage
45
Elastic cartilage and their function
-cells(chondrocyte) in lacunae
-rubbery matrix but with more elastic fibers
function-flexible support
Outer ear(pinna)
Epiglottis
46
Fibrocartilage and their function
-cells(chondrocyte) in lacunae
-rubbery matrix but with more collagen fibers
function-shock absorber
Intervertebral disc
Pubic symphysis
Discs in knees
Articular discs
47
Bone and their function
-hard,calcified matrix with collagen fibers
-cells(osteocytes) in lacunae
-vascular and innervated
function-support, protection, works with muscle for movements
-Storage of material (Ca, PO)
-Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
48
Blood and their function
Blood-even though they don’t have structural support but they also derived from mesenchyme cells
-RBC and WBC in liquid matrix called plasma
function-CVS and immune system
RBC—->carry O2
WBC——>Defense
Platelet——>Clotting
49
Smooth muscle features and their function
-spindle shaped cells
-no striation
-innervated by autonomic nervous system
-contains 2 layers
1)Circular-constrict /lengthen the organ
2)Longitudinal-dilate/ shorten the organ
function-involuntary movement
Blood vessels walls
Airways
GI walls
Uterus walls
Bladder
50
Cardiac muscle features and their function
-short and branched fibers that are interconnected by intercalated disks
-striated
-single centrally located nuclei
-innervated by autonomic nervous system
cells—->cardiomyocytes
function-to contract heart to push out blood
Heart
51
Skeletal muscle structure
Sarcomere——>Myofibril——>Muscle fiber/cell——>Fesicle——>Muscle tissue
Sarcomere-contains thinner actin filaments and thicker myosin filaments
Lining of muscle fiber-endomysium(connective tissue)
Lining of Fesicle-Perimysium(fibrous connective tissue)
Lining of muscle tissue-Epimysium(irregular connective tissue)
52
How muscle joins to bone?
1)directly(epimysium of muscle binds to periosteum if bone or perichondrium of cartilage)
2)indirectly via tendons or aponeurosis(flat tendons)
53
Skeletal muscle features and their function (Most abundant)
-bundle of long muscle cells or fibers surrounded by endomysium
-multinuclei in periphery
-striated b/c of sarcomere
-innervated by somatic nervous system
cells—->Myoblasts
function-voluntary movement , regulates body temp by releasing heat during contraction
All around body
Sphincter muscle in GI and urinary tract
54
Types of nervous tissue
1)Neurons
2)Gilia or neurogilia
55
Types of muscle tissue
1)Skeletal muscle
2)Cardiac muscle
3)Smooth muscle
56
Neuron features and their function
-contains 1)cell body 2)dendrite 3)axon hillock 4)single axon 5)terminal branches
Dendrite receives stimuli
Axon transmits response
Terminal branch release neurotransmitter
57
Neurons are amitotic. True or false
True
58
Gilia and their function
Function-Nourish, insulate , replenish neurons
-modulate neuron functions
59
What are the func of exoskeleton in arthropods and carbs
Protection and muscle attachment
Ingrowths of exoskeleton are called apodomes——> muscle attachment
60
What are endoskeleton
Bonds and vertebrates
61
Why do cells divide?
Cells are surrounded by ECF, cells receive nutrients by diffusion. If the cell is too large, the central portion of the cell wont be accessible to the diffusion
Therefore, cells divide
62
What are the differences between the metabolic rate of endoskeletons and exoskeletons?
Metabolic rate of endoskeleton are low, bcuz they rely on environmental temp to maintain their temp
Endoskeleton ——> obtain heat from metabolism of food to maintain constant body tem
63
What is torpor?
An ability of the organisms to survive in the adverse conditions of the environment
Eg, hibernation-lower body temp to acquire low MR
64
What are the two body cavities in a body?
Two body cavities- dorsal cavity and ventral cavity Dorsal cavity- spinal cavity and cranial cavity
Ventral cavity- thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity+ pelvic cavity
65
How many types of tissues
4
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
66
How many types of epithelial tissue?
1. Squamous ( simple and stratified )
2. Columnar ( simple and columnar and pseudo-stratified ciliated )
3. Cuboidal
4. Transitional
67
Shape and func of simple squamous epithelium
Irregular , flat shape with a central nucleus
Func- barrier in gases and nutrients exchange by diffusion
Location- linings of the blood vessels and lungs alveoli
68
What is the func of stratified squamous epithelium? Shape and location
Func- protection against the microorganisms invading and protection against water loss
Shape- layers of simple squamous
Location- vagina, anus, mouth lining and the skin, esophagus Regenerate rapidly, news cells constantly formed at
the basal cells
69
What is the func , location , shape of simple columnar epithelium
Shape- long, basal nuclei
Func- secretion and absorption
Location-digestive tract, gall bladder, uterine tubes, certain kidney tubules
70
Shape, func location of stratified columnar
Shape- two or more layers of the columnar cells
Func- protection, secretion and absorption
Location- ducts of certain glands , male urethra
71
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epi
Appears to be stratified bcuz nuclei are at the different levels
Contain goblet cells- that secrete mucous
Cilia- wash away the debris, movement of the mucus and trapped particles
Present in nasals cavities , respiratory tracts, parts of male urthra
72
Cuboidal epithelium s
Strength and secretion
Glands, ducts of the kidney and the liver
MOST LIKELY TO SECRETE HORMONES
Shape-rounded shape with central nucleus
73
In stratified squamous , where can we find keratinized and non keratinized epi?
Keratinized- a layer of keratins( dead cells) at the apical surface Present in epidermis
Non-keratinized- no dead layers, secrete mucous, lining of mouth, vagina, anus
74
What are included in connective tissue?
Matrix and 3 types of fibers.
Matrix- contain organic and inorganic substances
Density of the tissue depends on the density of the matrix
75
What are three types of fibers in CT and their funcs
Collagen fibers- strength
Reticular fibers- short collagen fibers- hold the organs in place
Elastic fibers- flexibility and strength
76
How many types of connective tissue ?
6 types
Dense fibrous CT
Loose areolar CT
Cartilage
Bones
Blood
Adipose
77
Fibers included in loose areolar CT and their func
Three types of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers are present in loose areolar CT.
Tough, flexible , comprises membranes and found throughout the body.
1. Blood vessels linings and around most organs
2. Therefore contain macrophages and lymphocytes Ana neutrophils '
78
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Collagen fibers present
Therefore, strong ———> cartilages and tendons (regularly shaped)
Also present in dermis of the skin -irregular shapes
Regular——> parallel aligned Irregular- not parallel
79
Cartilage connective tissue contains what type of fibres
Two types of cartilages-
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibro cartilage
Hyaline cartilage - contain few elastic + collagen fiber Fibro cartilage - contain collagen fibers only
80
Where is hyaline and fibro cartilage located
Hyaline- long bone endings, shark’s skeleton , pre- developmental bone, ears, trachea, bronchus, loci
Fibro- long bones , intervertebral discs, collagen fibers offer tremendous amount of strength
People older, hyaline cartilage replaced by fibro cartilage , stiffness of the joints
81
What are cartilage cells called and their location
Cartilage cells- chondrocytes
Reside in the lacunae of the matrix
Matrix is made of chondroitin sulfate and produce collagens. Cartilages are strong yet flexible
82
What are the matrix of the bone tissue made of?
Organic and inorganic substances
Organic substance -fibers provide flexibility
Inorganic matrix- calcium provide strength
Inadequate organic substance- the bone will break
Inadequate inorganic substance- the bone will bend
83
What are three types of bone cells and their location
1. Osteoblast- immature bone cells Present in exterior of the matrix
2. Osteocytes- mature bone cells Present in the lacunae of the bone cells
3. Osteoclasts- destroy bone cells - source of calcium
Present on the surface of the bone
84
What is included in an osteon
Osteon- bone cell units
PRESENT IN COMPACT BONES ONLY
85
What are included in the spongy bones ?
Contain trabeculae which gives strength to the spongy bones. Red bone marrows present between the trabeculae. Blood vessels between the tissue provide nutrients
86
Why are adipose tissue regarded as a CT?
Adipose tissue do not contain fibroblasts of real matrix, they are called CT because they contain a few fibers.
Func- cushion of the internal organs, TAG breakdown , insulation
87
What types of fibers are present in the blood tissue ?
NO FIBERS in blood
Matrix- plasma
Contain RBC>WBC>PLATELETS
88
How many types of muscle tissues are there?
3 types
Skeletal - striated -multiple nuclei
Smooth- non-striated- a single nucleus at the centre
Cardiac- smooth- non striated- single nucleus
89
What is a tissue?
A group of cells that have the same structure and function.
90
How are tissues organized in the body?
Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems.
91
Give an example of an organ with multiple physiological roles.
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes (digestive system) and regulates blood sugar (endocrine system).
92
What are the four main types of animal tissue?
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue.
93
How is epithelial tissue classified?
By the shape of the cells and the number of layers.
94
What are the two types of epithelial tissue based on layers?
Simple epithelium (single layer) and stratified epithelium (multiple layers).
95
What are the two surfaces of epithelial tissue?
Apical surface (exposed to the lumen or air) and basal surface (faces the organ).
96
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Covers the body, lines organs and internal cavities, and forms an active interface with the environment.
97
What is the structure of simple squamous epithelium?
Single layer of flat, plate-like cells with a central nucleus.
98
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
Diffusion of gases and nutrients.
99
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Air sacs of lungs, blood capillaries.
100
What is the structure of stratified squamous epithelium?
Multiple layers of flat, plate-like cells with a central nucleus.
101
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protection against abrasion and damage.
102
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
Skin, lining of mouth, anus, vagina.
103
What is the structure of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Cube-shaped cells with a single central nucleus.
104
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion.
105
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
Glands, kidney tubules, liver ducts.
106
What is the structure of simple columnar epithelium?
Tall, brick-shaped cells with the nucleus at the base.
107
What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
Absorption (nutrients), secretion (digestive enzymes).
108
Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
Lining of the intestine.
109
What is the structure of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Single layer of cells of varying height with nuclei at different levels.
110
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Lines the respiratory tract, moves mucus and trapped particles using cilia.
111
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?
Lining of the respiratory tract.
112
What is the structure of transitional epithelium?
Round, simple cells arranged in a stratified layer.
113
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
Allows expansion to hold urine.
114
Where is transitional epithelium found?
Urinary bladder, ureter.
115
What are the components of connective tissue?
Matrix, living cells, ground substance.
116
What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
Produce collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.
117
What is the function of macrophages in connective tissue?
Engulf foreign particles by phagocytosis.
118
What are the three types of protein fibers in connective tissue?
Collagenous fibers, Reticular fibers, Elastic fibers.
119
What is the structure of loose connective tissue?
Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.
120
What is the function of loose connective tissue?
Holds vessels and organs in place, binds epithelia to underlying tissues.
121
Where is loose connective tissue found?
Around blood vessels and most body organs.
122
What is the structure of fibrous connective tissue?
Contains fibroblasts and mainly collagen fibers.
123
What is the function of fibrous connective tissue?
Connects muscles to bones and bones to bones.
124
Where is fibrous connective tissue found?
Tendons, ligaments, dermis of the skin.
125
What is the primary cell in cartilage?
Chondrocytes.
126
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage.
127
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
Reduces friction, cushions bones.
128
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Nose, ends of long bones, moveable joints.
129
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
Provides flexibility.
130
Where is elastic cartilage found?
Ears.
131
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
Provides strength.
132
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Intervertebral discs.
133
What are the three types of bone cells?
Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts.
134
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Produce bone material for growth and remodeling.
135
What is the function of osteocytes?
Maintain bone tissue, found in lacunae.
136
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Break down bone for remodeling and calcium release.
137
What are the two types of bone?
Compact bone, Spongy bone.
138
What is the matrix of blood called?
Plasma.
139
What are the three main cell types in blood?
Red blood cells (RBC), White blood cells (WBC), Platelets.
140
What is the function of RBCs?
Carry oxygen to tissues.
141
What is the function of WBCs?
Immune response, fighting infections.
142
What is the function of platelets?
Blood clotting.
143
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle.
144
Which muscle type is voluntary?
Skeletal muscle.
145
Which muscle types are involuntary?
Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle.
146
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Attached to bones.
147
Where is smooth muscle found?
Walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries.
148
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Heart.
149
What are the main components of nervous tissue?
Neurons and Glial cells.
150
What is the function of dendrites?
Receive nerve impulses from other neurons.
151
What is the function of the axon?
Transmit impulses to other neurons or muscles.
152
What is the function of glial cells?
Support, nourish, and protect neurons.
