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Physiology > Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of cells with common functions

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2
Q

How can we differentiate tissue type under microscope?

A

Epithelial tissue-cells only
Connective tissue-cell living in matrix with fibers
Nerve tissue-Unique shape

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3
Q

What are 4 main types of tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

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4
Q

surfaces of epithelial tissue

A

Contains 2 surface
1)Apical surface-exposed exterior[face the lumen] and also contains cilia(func:Propel substance)or microvilli(Func:Secretion,absorption)

2)Basal surface-exposed interior [Face the organ] and connected with connective tissue
Basal lamina+reticular lumina forms sheet like structure

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5
Q

Features of epithelial tissue

A

-contains 2 surface;apical and basal
-calls are arranged in side by side and held by tight junction,desmosomes
-Avascular(no blood vessels)
-innervated(supplied with nerves)
-regenerate very quickly
-all tissues are polarized(b/c of 2 surfaces)

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6
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

1)Protection
2)Exchanging nutrients
3)Synthesis and secretion

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7
Q

Features of connective tissue

A

-contains cells + ground substance matrix + fibers
-derived from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
-vascular(except cartilage)
-Good nerve supply(except cartilage)
-cells can be distinguished by extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

1)Connect body parts
2)Binding
3)Support
4)Protection
5)Insulation
6)Storage
7)Transportation

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9
Q

Component of matrix

A

Intestial fluid + proteins + Protieoglycans

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10
Q

Types of fibers in connective tissue

A

1)Collagen fibers-Tough
2)Elastic fibers-Stretch
3)Reticular fibers-Branching collagen that form networks

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11
Q

Different cells types in connective tissue

A

Resident cells (that are fixed in tissue)

Transient cells( cells that can move between connective tissue and blood vessels)

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12
Q

Cells that made up connective tissues proper(loose and dense)

Both mature and immature

A

Mature cells-Fibrocyte

Immature cells-Fibroblasts

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13
Q

Cells that made up Cartilage

Both mature and immature

A

Mature cells-Chondrocytes

Immature cells-Chondroblasts

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14
Q

Cells that made up Bone

Both mature and immature

A

Mature cells-Osteocytes

Immature cells-Osteoblasts

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15
Q

Cells that made up blood

Both mature and immature

A

Mature cells and immature cells- Hemetopioetic stem cells

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16
Q

Cells that made up fat

Both mature and immature

A

Mature cells-Adipocyte

Immature cells-Adipoblasts

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17
Q

Cell division of connective tissue

A

Cells produce matrix and fibers during mitotic state

Eg.Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers and elastic fibers

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18
Q

Features of Skeletal muscle

A

-Composed of muscle cells or muscle fibers
-All cells consist of filaments
-All muscle contraction relies on Ca2+ ions
-innervated

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19
Q

Function of skeletal muscle

A

Body movement

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20
Q

Features of Nervous tissue

A

All nervous tissue forms a brain

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21
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Receive , processing and transmission of stimuli

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22
Q

Epithelial cells types

A

Squamous—->flat cells
Cuboidal——>boxy cells
Columnar——->long cells

Each can be divided according to their shape either simple or stratified

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23
Q

Detail classification of epithelial tissue

A

1)Simple squamous epithelium
2)Simple cuboidal epithelium
3)Simple columnar epithelium
4)Stratified squamous epithelium
5)Stratified cuboidal epithelium
6)Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
7)Transitional epithelium
8)Glandular epithelium

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24
Q

Simple squamous epithelium
Cell shape and func

A

single,flat cells with disc-like nucleus

Function-exchange of material by DIFFUSION

Air sacs of lungs
Inner lining of blood vessels and heart

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25
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium
Cell shape and func

A

Single layer of boxy cells

Function-Secretion and Absorption

Lining of intestines(Digestive juices secretion and nutrient absorption)

Lining of Fallopian tube(Movement of egg by cilia)

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26
Q

Simple columnar epithelium
Cell shape and func

A

Single layer of long cells

Function-secretion and absorption

Kidney tubules

Glands-Thyroid glands and salivary glands

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27
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium
Cell shape and func

A

Several layer of flat cells(basal surfaceမှာcellတွေပွါးပြီးregenerate မြန်မြန်ဖြစ်)

Function-Protection

Skin
Mouth
Esophagus
Rectum
Anus
Vagina

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28
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Cell shape and func

A

Several layers of boxy cells

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29
Q

Pseudo-straitified squamous epithelium
Cell shape and func

A

Single layer of cells with wide spread nuclei(cellကone layerပေမဲ့nucleus တွေများနေလို့several layerထင်ရ)

Function-Secret and move mucus

Mucus membrane of respiratory tract and trachea

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30
Q

Transitional epithelium
Cell shape and func

A

Function-Cells that can stretch and change shape when cavity filled with liquid

Urinary bladder

Uterus

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31
Q

Glandular epithelium
Cell shape and func

A

Function-Secret hormone

Endocrine glands(glands without ducts)
Exocrine glands(glands with ducts)

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32
Q

Connective tissue types

A

1)Connective tissue proper—->Loose and Dense
2)Supporting connective tissue—->Bone and Cartilage
3)Liquid Connective tissue——>Blood and lymph

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33
Q

Types of Loose Connective tissue (Most abundant)

A

1)Areolar connective tissue
2)Adipose connective tissue
3)Reticular connective tissue

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34
Q

Types of Dense connective tissue

A

1)Regular connective tissue
2)Irregular connective tissue
3)Elastic connective tissue

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35
Q

Types of cartilage

A

1)Hyaline cartilage-most abundant
2)Elastic cartilage
3)Fibrocartilage-strongest

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36
Q

Areolar connective tissue and their function

A

-contains all 3 fibers but thin collagen fibers(loose meshဖြစ်နေ)
-few fibroblasts and most cells are transient types

function-wraps and cushion organs, binds to epithelia

Beneath epithelia
Site of inflammation and immune reaction

37
Q

Adipose connective tissue and their function

A

-contains all 3 fibers but more sparse(ကျဲ)

function-stores fat(triglycerides), insulation, energy,padding

38
Q

Reticular connective tissue and their function

A

-contains mainly reticular fibers

function-forms soft internal skeletal of lymph node,spleen and bone marrow

39
Q

Difference between loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

A

Cells(Fibroblast) and fibers are loosely arranged in loose connective tissue

In dense connective tissue,fibroblasts and fibers are tightly packed with less ground substance

40
Q

Regular connective tissue and their function

A

-mainly collagen fibers that are arranged in uniform alignment

Function-Tendon(connects muscle to bone)

Ligaments (connects bone to bone)

Aponeuroses(connects muscles directly to flat bone)

41
Q

Irregular connective tissue and their function

A

-mainly collagen fibers that are arranged in non uniform alignment

Dermis
Organ capsule

42
Q

Elastic connective tissue and their function

A

-Uniformly arranged elastic fibers

Submucosa(GI)

43
Q

Features of Cartilage

A

-withstand tension and compression
-lacks never and blood supply

44
Q

Hyaline cartilage and their function

A

-cells(chondrocyte) in lacunae
-rubbery matrix

Costal cartilage
articular cartilage
respiratory cartilage

45
Q

Elastic cartilage and their function

A

-cells(chondrocyte) in lacunae
-rubbery matrix but with more elastic fibers

function-flexible support

Outer ear(pinna)
Epiglottis

46
Q

Fibrocartilage and their function

A

-cells(chondrocyte) in lacunae
-rubbery matrix but with more collagen fibers

function-shock absorber

Intervertebral disc
Pubic symphysis
Discs in knees
Articular discs

47
Q

Bone and their function

A

-hard,calcified matrix with collagen fibers
-cells(osteocytes) in lacunae
-vascular and innervated

function-support, protection, works with muscle for movements
-Storage of material (Ca, PO)
-Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

48
Q

Blood and their function

Blood-even though they don’t have structural support but they also derived from mesenchyme cells

A

-RBC and WBC in liquid matrix called plasma

function-CVS and immune system
RBC—->carry O2
WBC——>Defense
Platelet——>Clotting

49
Q

Smooth muscle features and their function

A

-spindle shaped cells
-no striation
-innervated by autonomic nervous system
-contains 2 layers
1)Circular-constrict /lengthen the organ
2)Longitudinal-dilate/ shorten the organ

function-involuntary movement

Blood vessels walls
Airways
GI walls
Uterus walls
Bladder

50
Q

Cardiac muscle features and their function

A

-short and branched fibers that are interconnected by intercalated disks
-striated
-single centrally located nuclei
-innervated by autonomic nervous system
cells—->cardiomyocytes

function-to contract heart to push out blood

Heart

51
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

A

Sarcomere——>Myofibril——>Muscle fiber/cell——>Fesicle——>Muscle tissue

Sarcomere-contains thinner actin filaments and thicker myosin filaments

Lining of muscle fiber-endomysium(connective tissue)
Lining of Fesicle-Perimysium(fibrous connective tissue)
Lining of muscle tissue-Epimysium(irregular connective tissue)

52
Q

How muscle joins to bone?

A

1)directly(epimysium of muscle binds to periosteum if bone or perichondrium of cartilage)

2)indirectly via tendons or aponeurosis(flat tendons)

53
Q

Skeletal muscle features and their function (Most abundant)

A

-bundle of long muscle cells or fibers surrounded by endomysium
-multinuclei in periphery
-striated b/c of sarcomere
-innervated by somatic nervous system
cells—->Myoblasts

function-voluntary movement , regulates body temp by releasing heat during contraction

All around body
Sphincter muscle in GI and urinary tract

54
Q

Types of nervous tissue

A

1)Neurons
2)Gilia or neurogilia

55
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

1)Skeletal muscle
2)Cardiac muscle
3)Smooth muscle

56
Q

Neuron features and their function

A

-contains 1)cell body 2)dendrite 3)axon hillock 4)single axon 5)terminal branches

Dendrite receives stimuli
Axon transmits response
Terminal branch release neurotransmitter

57
Q

Neurons are amitotic. True or false

A

True

58
Q

Gilia and their function

A

Function-Nourish, insulate , replenish neurons
-modulate neuron functions

59
Q

What are the func of exoskeleton in arthropods and carbs

A

Protection and muscle attachment

Ingrowths of exoskeleton are called apodomes——> muscle attachment

60
Q

What are endoskeleton

A

Bonds and vertebrates

61
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Cells are surrounded by ECF, cells receive nutrients by diffusion. If the cell is too large, the central portion of the cell wont be accessible to the diffusion

Therefore, cells divide

62
Q

What are the differences between the metabolic rate of endoskeletons and exoskeletons?

A

Metabolic rate of endoskeleton are low, bcuz they rely on environmental temp to maintain their temp

Endoskeleton ——> obtain heat from metabolism of food to maintain constant body tem

63
Q

What is torpor?

A

An ability of the organisms to survive in the adverse conditions of the environment

Eg, hibernation-lower body temp to acquire low MR

64
Q

What are the two body cavities in a body?

A

Two body cavities- dorsal cavity and ventral cavity Dorsal cavity- spinal cavity and cranial cavity

Ventral cavity- thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity+ pelvic cavity

65
Q

How many types of tissues

A

4

Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue

66
Q

How many types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Squamous ( simple and stratified )
  2. Columnar ( simple and columnar and pseudo-stratified ciliated )
  3. Cuboidal
  4. Transitional
67
Q

Shape and func of simple squamous epithelium

A

Irregular , flat shape with a central nucleus

Func- barrier in gases and nutrients exchange by diffusion

Location- linings of the blood vessels and lungs alveoli

68
Q

What is the func of stratified squamous epithelium? Shape and location

A

Func- protection against the microorganisms invading and protection against water loss

Shape- layers of simple squamous

Location- vagina, anus, mouth lining and the skin, esophagus Regenerate rapidly, news cells constantly formed at
the basal cells

69
Q

What is the func , location , shape of simple columnar epithelium

A

Shape- long, basal nuclei

Func- secretion and absorption

Location-digestive tract, gall bladder, uterine tubes, certain kidney tubules

70
Q

Shape, func location of stratified columnar

A

Shape- two or more layers of the columnar cells

Func- protection, secretion and absorption

Location- ducts of certain glands , male urethra

71
Q

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epi

A

Appears to be stratified bcuz nuclei are at the different levels

Contain goblet cells- that secrete mucous

Cilia- wash away the debris, movement of the mucus and trapped particles

Present in nasals cavities , respiratory tracts, parts of male urthra

72
Q

Cuboidal epithelium s

A

Strength and secretion

Glands, ducts of the kidney and the liver

MOST LIKELY TO SECRETE HORMONES

Shape-rounded shape with central nucleus

73
Q

In stratified squamous , where can we find keratinized and non keratinized epi?

A

Keratinized- a layer of keratins( dead cells) at the apical surface Present in epidermis

Non-keratinized- no dead layers, secrete mucous, lining of mouth, vagina, anus

74
Q

What are included in connective tissue?

A

Matrix and 3 types of fibers.

Matrix- contain organic and inorganic substances

Density of the tissue depends on the density of the matrix

75
Q

What are three types of fibers in CT and their funcs

A

Collagen fibers- strength
Reticular fibers- short collagen fibers- hold the organs in place
Elastic fibers- flexibility and strength

76
Q

How many types of connective tissue ?

A

6 types

Dense fibrous CT
Loose areolar CT
Cartilage
Bones
Blood
Adipose

77
Q

Fibers included in loose areolar CT and their func

A

Three types of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers are present in loose areolar CT.

Tough, flexible , comprises membranes and found throughout the body.

  1. Blood vessels linings and around most organs
  2. Therefore contain macrophages and lymphocytes Ana neutrophils ‘
78
Q

Dense fibrous connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers present
Therefore, strong ———> cartilages and tendons (regularly shaped)

Also present in dermis of the skin -irregular shapes

Regular——> parallel aligned Irregular- not parallel

79
Q

Cartilage connective tissue contains what type of fibres

A

Two types of cartilages-
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibro cartilage

Hyaline cartilage - contain few elastic + collagen fiber Fibro cartilage - contain collagen fibers only

80
Q

Where is hyaline and fibro cartilage located

A

Hyaline- long bone endings, shark’s skeleton , pre- developmental bone, ears, trachea, bronchus, loci

Fibro- long bones , intervertebral discs, collagen fibers offer tremendous amount of strength

People older, hyaline cartilage replaced by fibro cartilage , stiffness of the joints

81
Q

What are cartilage cells called and their location

A

Cartilage cells- chondrocytes

Reside in the lacunae of the matrix

Matrix is made of chondroitin sulfate and produce collagens. Cartilages are strong yet flexible

82
Q

What are the matrix of the bone tissue made of?

A

Organic and inorganic substances

Organic substance -fibers provide flexibility
Inorganic matrix- calcium provide strength

Inadequate organic substance- the bone will break

Inadequate inorganic substance- the bone will bend

83
Q

What are three types of bone cells and their location

A
  1. Osteoblast- immature bone cells Present in exterior of the matrix
  2. Osteocytes- mature bone cells Present in the lacunae of the bone cells
  3. Osteoclasts- destroy bone cells - source of calcium

Present on the surface of the bone

84
Q

What is included in an osteon

A

Osteon- bone cell units
PRESENT IN COMPACT BONES ONLY

85
Q

What are included in the spongy bones ?

A

Contain trabeculae which gives strength to the spongy bones. Red bone marrows present between the trabeculae. Blood vessels between the tissue provide nutrients

86
Q

Why are adipose tissue regarded as a CT?

A

Adipose tissue do not contain fibroblasts of real matrix, they are called CT because they contain a few fibers.

Func- cushion of the internal organs, TAG breakdown , insulation

87
Q

What types of fibers are present in the blood tissue ?

A

NO FIBERS in blood
Matrix- plasma

Contain RBC>WBC>PLATELETS

88
Q

How many types of muscle tissues are there?

A

3 types
Skeletal - striated -multiple nuclei
Smooth- non-striated- a single nucleus at the centre
Cardiac- smooth- non striated- single nucleus

Physiology (9 decks)

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