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Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Signaling molecules that are secreted into extracellular fluid, circulate in the bloodstream and communicate regulatory messages through the body

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2
Q

Hormones affect on all cells
True or false?

A

False
Hormones act only on cells with its specific receptors.
Cells lacking receptors for that hormone are not affected

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3
Q

What are two major systems for communication and regulation in body?

A

Endocrine system-Chemical signaling by Hormones

Nervous system
Neurons—>signals—->regulate muscle,neurons and endocrine cells

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4
Q

Intercellular communication is classified by _____ and ______

A

Types of secreting cells - the route taken by signal

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5
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Hormones are secreted into extracellular fluid by endocrine cells and reach target organs via bloodstream.

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6
Q

Major function of endocrine signaling

A

To maintain HOMEOSTASIS

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7
Q

What is Paracrine signaling?

A

Local regulators acts on target cells that lie near the secreting cells

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8
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Local regulators acts on secreting cells themselves are target cells.

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9
Q

______are used in both paracrine and autocrine

A

Local regulators-molecules that act over short distances,reach their target cells by only diffusion

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10
Q

Types of local regulators

A

Prostaglandins-modified fatty acids
Cytokines-Polypeptides
Growth Factor-promote cell growth,division and development
Nitric oxide-gas which acts as neurotransmitter and local regulator

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11
Q

What is synaptic signaling?

A

Neurons communicate with target cells(i.e.neurons,muscle cells or glands) via specialized junctions called the synapses .
Most synapses,neurons secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse and binds to target cells

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12
Q

Synaptic signaling is important for ____

A

Sensation
memory
Cognition
Movement

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13
Q

What is neuroendocrine signaling?

A

Neurons called neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones,which diffuse from nerve cells ending to the bloodstream

Eg.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-in kidney function and water balance

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14
Q

Do all secreted signaling molecules act within the body?

A

No

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15
Q

What are Pheromones?

A

Signaling molecules of certain animals that released into the external environment.

Eg.For attracting mates

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16
Q

NO acts as both______ and _____

A

Local regulator - Neurotransmitter

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17
Q

No action in vasodilation

A

When the level of O2 falls in blood,epithelial cells in blood vessel walls synthesize and release NO.after diffusing into surrounding smooth muscles of blood vessels, NO activates an enzyme that relax the cells leading to vasodilation

human male—->Vasodilation effect of NO promotes erection

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18
Q

Major classes of Hormones

A

1)Polypeptide-insulin
2)Steroids-cortisol(all derived from cholesterol)
3)Amines-epinephrine and thyroxine

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19
Q

Epinephrine,norepinephrine and thyroxine are synthesized from an amino acid ______ or _____

A

tyrosine - tryptophan

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20
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

polypeptide hormones and most amine hormones

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21
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

Steroid hormones and non polar hormones(i.e.Thyroxine)

Thyroxineကamine hormoneပေမဲ့lipid soluble

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22
Q

Water soluble hormones are secreted by _____ and travel ____ in bloodstream

A

exocytosis

freely

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23
Q

Do water soluble hormones can diffuse through the plasma membrane?

A

No

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24
Q

Water soluble hormones binds to ______ receptors

A

cell surface

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25
Q

Water soluble hormone’s functions

A

changes in cytoplasmic molecules and sometimes altering gene transcription

Cellular responses တွေဖြစ်(activation of enzyme,uptake or secretion of molecules,rearrangement of cytoskeleton)

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26
Q

Lipid soluble hormones exit the cells by____

A

Diffusion and binds to transport proteins

water insoluble မလို့bloodထဲမှာသွားတဲ့အခါtransport proteinလို

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27
Q

Lipid soluble hormones binds to____

A

receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus

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28
Q

Lipid soluble hormones’s function

A

changes in gene transcription

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29
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

chain of events thet converts the extracellular signal to a specific intracellular response

cellအပြင်မှာပေါင်းပေးမဲ့အထဲမှာresponseပေး

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30
Q

Example of signal tranduction

A

Epinephrine aka adrenaline

Epinephrine binds to G protein-coupled receptor on membrane which triggers synthesis of cAMP.
cAMP activates protein kinase.
Kinase then activates enzymes for glycogen breakdown and inactivates enzymes fir glycogen synthesis

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31
Q

Most steroid hormones are located_____

A

in the cytosol

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32
Q

Binding of steroid hormone to receptor

A

when steroid hormone binds to receptors, it forms hormone-receptor complex and then moves to nucleus

eg.Estrogen,estradiol

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33
Q

All lipid soluble hormones’s receptors are in cytosol. True or false?

A

false

Thyroxine,Vitamin D and other lipid soluble hormones’ receptors are in nucleus

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34
Q

What are hormones?

A

Signaling molecules that regulate the physiological processes in our bodies

Eg, maturation hormones- sexual maturation and distinct sexual dimorphism between adult males and females

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35
Q

A hormone can travel throughout the body. Can it affect every cell?

A

No, only some cells have the receptors for that hormone. Cells lacking a receptor for that hormone are unaffected

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36
Q

What are the two major control and regulating system in our body?

A

Nervous system and endocrine systems

Neurons——>signals——> regulate muscle, neurons , and endocrine cells.

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37
Q

Endocrine signaling regulates —— and mediate responses to —— and —— and ——

A

Regulate HOMEOSTASIS

Mediate properties including blood pressure and volume, environmental stimuli, growth and development, maturity and reproductiion

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38
Q

Paracrine and autocrine use———

A

Local regulators

Eg- prostaglandins- pain and inflammation to the injury

Prostaglandins blockers- aspirins, ibuprofens - anti pain and anti inflammatory

Prostaglandins is also involved in regulation of platelets

Prostaglandins are made of fatty acids

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39
Q

What is synaptic signaling?

A

Neurons communicate with other neurons or muscle via specialized junctions called synapses, at synapses, neurons secrete neurotransmitters, which diffuse very short distances

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40
Q

What is neuroendocrine signaling?

A

Neurons secrete hormones called neurohormones, which enter the blood stream .

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41
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Members of some animal species use PHEROMONES to communicate with each other. Not all signaling molecules act on the body. Some are released into the external environment.

For example, ants use pheromones to mark the track of the food source

42
Q

Cytokines are —— and they function——-

A

Polypeptides

Regulate the immune cell communication

43
Q

NO is both a ——— and ———, their func

A

Neurotransmitter and local regulator

Func; when the blood oxygen level is low, NO is synthesized from the epithelial cells in the blood vessels———> NO diffuse into surrounding smooth muscle——> vasodilation

In males, production of NO, increase the blood flow in penis, producing an erection

44
Q

3 classes of hormoness

A

1.polypeptide. example insulin
2. Steroid hormones. Cortisol
3.amines. Epinephrine and tyroxine

45
Q

What are Amine hormones ?

A

Hormones, synthesized from a single amino acid , either tyrosine or typtophan

46
Q

Are amine hormones water soluble?

A

All the polypeptide hormones and amine hormones are polar and water soluble except thyroid hormones.

Thyroid hormones- tyroxine T3 is lipid soluble

47
Q

Name the amine hormones example

A

Tyroxine, epinephrine, triiodothyronine

Serotonin, histamine

48
Q

Name steroid hormone examples

A

Sex hormones, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

49
Q

What is the response for epinephrine released from adrenal glands?

A

Adrenaline——>acts on liver or muscle——> binds to cell surface receptor linked to G protein ———>cAMP——— >activation of protein kinase———>two enzymes
activate ,one breakdown glycogen into glucose , the net result is that the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream, very quickly providing the energy fuel

50
Q

Estrogen receptor is in —————
Tyroxine , vit D, other lipid soluble hormones that are not steroids typically have receptors in the ———

A

Estrogen-cytoplasmic receptor

Other tyroxine, vit D- nuclear receptor

Receptor-hormone complex interacts with the DNA transcription directly

51
Q

How can a single hormone produce multiple responses?

A

A single hormone varies response in different target cells with different receptors.

In this way, a single hormone can trigger a range of activities that together bring about a coordinated response to a stimulus

52
Q

Endocrine hormones are from endocrine cells, endocrine cells are grouped in ————

A

Ductless organs called endocrine glands
Example- testes, ovary, thyroid, parathyroid

53
Q

What endocrine hormone does stomach secrete

A

Gastrin

54
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Have ducts that carry secreted substances such as sweat and saliva onto the body surface or into the body cavity

55
Q

Pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine glands. What are their respective func

A

Endocrine glands secrete hormones

Exocrine glands secrete bicarbonate and enzyems

56
Q

What are two hormones secreted by pancreas?

A

Insulin and glucagon
Insulin- lowers blood glucose level Glucagon- raise blood glucose level

57
Q

The food coming out from stomach contains highly acidic pH. Before it enters duodenum,what must is do?

A

It must neutralize the high pH.

58
Q

Neuroendocrine pathway, the stimulus is received by ——— rather than endocrine glands.

A

Sensory neurons

Stimulus received by sensory neurons——> release neurohormone into the blood stream——> travel in the circulations to the target cells.

59
Q

What pathway does milking in mammals use?

A

Neuroendocrine pathway

Sucking in nipples——>stimulate sensory neurons in nipples——> stimulate the neurohormone posterior pituitary (oxytocin) ——> stimulates the contraction of the mammary glands

60
Q

———— feedback restores the homeostasis of a preexisting stage.

A

Negative feedback

61
Q

Releasing secretin from duodenum is a negative feedback or positive feedback?

A

It is a negative feedback. Because the low pH stimulate the secretin secretion——> bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas into the duodenum——> high pH in duodenum ——> eliminating the stimulus thereby shutting off the secretin production

62
Q

Milk sucking from mammary glands positive or negative feedback?

A

It is a positive feedback, the more sucking——>the more oxytocin——>the more mammary glands contraction

Another type of positive feedback—->giving birth

63
Q

Blood glucose levels are maintained by opposing effects of ——- and ———

A

Insulin and glucagon

64
Q

In vertebrates, the coordination of endocrine signaling relies heavily on——-

A

Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus receives information throughout the body and
produce signaling appropriate to the environmental conditions

Eg, when the weather change. Sensory nerves send impulses to hypothalamus ——> regulate the reproductive hormones for the breeding season

65
Q

Where is pituitary both anterior and posterior located ?

A

Pituitary glands- base of hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary- extension of the hypothalamus, hypothalamus axons secrete neurohormones into the posterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary - an endocrine glands that secret hormones in response to the stimulus from the hypothalamus

66
Q

Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin- func related to reproduction and controls milk secretion and giving birth . In addition, oxytocin has target in the brain, influence the behaviors of material care, pair bonding and sexual activity

Vasopressin (ADH)- increases water retention ( fluid build up) , involve in osmoregualation

67
Q

What are the hormones secreted by hypothalamus to control anterior pituitary is called and how are they secreted

A

Releasing or inhibiting hormones

These hormones are secreted near capillaries at the base of the hypothalamus. The capillaries drain into the portal
veins( short veins) into the anterior pituitary. Direct release to the anterior pituitary.

68
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones are also called————

A

Tropic hormones

FSH,LH ———>gonadotropins bcuz they relay the signals from the AP to the gonads

69
Q

Where is thyroid gland located?

A

On the ventral surface of the trachea——> two lobed organ

70
Q

The disease associated with the low level of thyroid hormone

A

Goiter. Iodine deficiency

Thyroid hormones- only iodine containing molecule synthesized in the body .

Some places- low comsumption of iodine to synthesize thyroid hormone

Low thyroid hormone - stimulate brain and hypothalamus and AP to produce TSH but thyroid hormone cannot be synthesized from thyroid gland. AP——> TSH ———>high level thyroid gland enlarged

71
Q

What is the major target of growth hormone and how does it response?

A

Major target-liver

Growth hm+ liver——> produce insulin like growth factor—- >bloodstream and stimulate bone and cartilage growth.

GH——> metabolic effects of increasing blood glucose as opposed to effects of insulins

72
Q

What happens when there is hyper or hypo secretion of GH in adult and childhood

A

Hyper GH in childhood——-> gigantism
Hyper GH in adults —-> affect some bone growth and few parts of the facial features , hands and feet——> acromegaly

Hypo GH in childhood ——> drawfsm

Early detectiiion of the dwarfism——> treatment available with HGH ——> by recombinant DNA

73
Q

Hyperthyroidism features and hypothyroidism features

A

Hypothyroid patients ——> weight gain , lethargy and intolerance
to cold

Hyperthyroidism ——> weight loss, muscle weakness and profuse sweating

74
Q

What are the direct and indirect effects of PTH?

A

PTH acts on bone, and kidney directly from Ca uptake and intestines indirectly .

PTH—-> b/d the bone matrix ——> take calcium PTH—-> renale tubules ——> direct intake of calcium

PTH——> stimulate the production of Vit D. Vit D precursors are obtained from food or sunlight on skin. Precursors are converted into vit D in the liver <——PTH acts on kidney to complete the conversion

Vit D——> stimulate uptake of Ca from food in the intestine

Negative feedback is used when blood Ca level arises

75
Q

How does calcium level maintain its homeostasis when Ca level rises?

A

By the action of Calcitonin.
Calcitonin——> lowers the blood calcium level——> by inhibiting the bone breakdown and + stimulate the excretion of Ca from the kidney

In fishes, rodents, and some other animals, calcitonin is required for Ca2+ homeostasis. In humans, however, calci- tonin is apparently needed only during the extensive bone growth of childhood.

76
Q

Two hormones needed for calcium homeostasis

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin- decrease
PTH -increase

77
Q

Are adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla both endocrine glands?

A

No, adrenal cortex——> endocrine cells
Adrenal medulla————> develop from neural tissue

LIKE AP AND PP

78
Q

What are respective effects of epinephrine on the smooth muscle cells, liver cells and intestinal cells

A

Liver-epinephrine binds to beta receptor——>activate the protein

kinase A——> glycogen to glucose

Smooth Muscle of the blood vessels ——>beta receptor——> inactivate the muscle specific enzymes——> relaxation of the smooth muscle

Smooth muscle in intestine ——> binds to alpha receptor ——> smooth muscle contraction ——> constrict blood flow to intestine

79
Q

Which hormone from the AP secrete adrenal cortex hormones?

A

ACTH ( adrenocorticotropic hormones)

Hypothalamus ____stimulate AP——-> ACTH hormone secretion in the blood ———>adrenal cortex——> adrenal cortex hormones

80
Q

What are two examples of adrenal cortex hormones

A

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids also known as corticosteroids

81
Q

What is the func of glucocorticoids ?

A

Glucocorticoids also known as cortisols, increase from glucose level from the NONCARBOHYDRATE source, such as PROTEINS.

Glucocorticoids also act on skeletal muscle, causing the breakdown
of muscle proteins into amino acids. These are transported to the liver and kid- neys, converted to glucose, and released into the blood. The synthesis of glucose upon the breakdown of muscle proteins provides circulating fuel when the body requires more glucose than the liver can mobilize from its glycogen stores.

82
Q

What are other func of glucocorticoids other than the raising blood glucose level from proteins

A

Antiinflammatory response but harmful in long term use as it is a steroid

83
Q

What is the func of minerocortocoids

A

Salt and water retention , homeostasis

84
Q

What are the func of male sex hormones androgens?

A

Androgens, the main one testosterone ——> male sexual development in embryo——> secondary sexual characteristics

Puberty——> androgen increase——> vocal cord change , muscle increase

Therefore, athletes take androgens as supplements but side effects liver and testes size and sperm count

Sex hormones are mainly released by the gonads, adrenal cortex small quantities

85
Q

What are the func of female sex hormones

A

Estrogen and estradiol——> female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone——> maintaining tissue of the uterus and growth and development of an embryo.

Hypothalamus ——> GnRH——> A.p——> gonadotropin, FSH, LH ——> gonads

86
Q

From which organ is melatonin secreted?

A

Pineal glands, a small mass of tissue near the centre of mammalian brain

87
Q

Melatonin is secreted at ——— and its func

A

Night

Func; modified amino acid that regulates func of light and the seasons

Melatonin-sleeping pills

Controlled by a group of neurons in the hypothalamus called SCN Suprachiasmatic nucleus

88
Q

Func of prolactin

A

The hormone prolactin has an especially broad range of activities. Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and milk synthesis in mammals, regulates fat metabolism and reproduction in birds, delays metamorphosis in amphibians, and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fishes. These varied roles indicate that prolactin is an ancient hormone with functions that have diversified during the evolution of vertebrate groups.

89
Q

Func of MSH

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone- skin coloration

Many patients with late-stage cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis, and certain aging disorders suffer from a devas- tating wasting condition called cachexia

MSH receptor associated with cachexia

90
Q

7 products of anterior pituitary

A

FLAT PEG

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PROLACTIN
ENDORPHIN
GH

91
Q

Prolactin is not released in the presence of ——-

A

Dopamine

92
Q

Growth hormone increases blood glucose level by

A

Preventing glucose uptake from certain tissues and stimulate the breakdown of fatty acid. This inrcreases the blood glucose level

93
Q

Hormones that have direct effect and tropic effect

A

Direct- endorphin, prolactin and growth hormone , MSH

Tropic hormones- work by causing the release of another hormone at organ level

94
Q

T3 and T4 what do the numbers indicate

A

The numbers of iodine atoms attached

95
Q

Thyroid hormone is associated with ———

A

Metabolic regulation

96
Q

Goiter is present in —— Hyper thyroid or hypothyroid

A

Both

97
Q

——— is the precursor for steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

98
Q

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ by ————

A

Type 1- autoimmune disease destroying beta cells of pancreas

Type2 - insulin effect ko resist lote tr

99
Q

Four hormones that can increase the blood glucose level

A

Epinephrine Glucocorticoid Glucagon Growth hormone

100
Q

Somatostatin from pancreas ——— insulin and glucagon

A

Inhibits both insulin and glucagon

101
Q

Cortisol is from adrenal cortex Catecholamines are from adrenal medulla

A

The effects of peptide hormones are usually shorter lived, because they work through transient second messenger systems. It is quicker to turn them on and off, compared with steroid hormones, but their effects do not last without relatively constant stimulation. The effects of steroid hormones are long lived

Physiology (9 decks)

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