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Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 major systems for coordination and controlling responses to stimuli?

A

1)Nervous system
2)Endocrine system

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2
Q

How endocrine system works?

A

Signaling molecules(hormones) released into bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in body

But hormones act only on cells with its specific receptors so response are limited to cells that have receptors for signal

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3
Q

How nervous system works?

A

Neurons transmit signals(nerve impulses) along dedicated routes connecting specific location in the body

Response are limited to cells that connect by specialized junction to axon

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4
Q

Effects of hormones and nerve impules

A

Hormones are released into bloodstream within seconds and its effects long-lasting and it remains in bloodstream for minutes or hours

Transmission in nervous system is extremely fast;nerve impulses take only a fraction of a sec to reach the target and last only a fraction of a sec

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5
Q

endocrine system is well suited for_____

A

coordinating gradual changes (i.e. growth and development, reproduction, metabolic processes and digestion)

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6
Q

Nervous system is well suited for_____

A

Directing immediate and rapid response to environment (i.e.reflexes and other rapid movement)

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7
Q

What is a regulator?

A

An animals if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change during fluctuation in external environment.

(external changesတွေရှိတိုင်းမှာinternal environment ကိုchanges မဖြစ်အောင်control လုပ်)

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8
Q

What is a conformer?

A

An animal that allows its internal condition to change according to external changes

(external changesအတိုင်းအလိုက်သင့်လိုက်ပြောင်း)

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9
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of internal balance

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10
Q

How animals achieve homeostasis?

A

Animals maintains steady state (constant internal environment) even when external environment changes significantly

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11
Q

Animals achieve homeostasis by maintaining _____ within_____

A

variable within set point

below or above of normal state eg.temp-36~38•C is set point

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12
Q

How body react if there is fluctuations above if below set point?

A

Fluctuation was detected by sensor and it send signal to control center.
Control center generates response to stimulus

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13
Q

Major feedback regulation in animals

A

Negative feedback

Eg.During vigorous exercise,body produce heat and increase temperature which is detected and triggers sweating leading to evaporation of moisture from skin and cools and decrease the body temperature

Response inhibits the initial stimuli

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14
Q

Homeostasis is _____

A

Dynamic equilibrium

(external factorsတွေကinternalကိုchange ဖို့ကြိုးစားပေမဲ့internalကလက်မခံ)

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15
Q

Are physiological responses instantaneous?

A

No

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16
Q

Explain positive feedback

A

Response that amplifies the stimulus

Eg.During child birth, near uterusမှာရှိနေတဲ့baby’s head pressureကြောင့်uterusပိုပွင့်လာ

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17
Q

Regulated changes in body

A

1)Particular stage in life(eg.hormones change at puberty)

2)Cyclic regulated changes (eg.menstrual cycle)

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18
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

a set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hrs

eg.body temp rise and fall 1•C in 24 hrs

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19
Q

Is circadian rhythm same to all?

A

No,it’s intrinsic to body and response to light and dark of external environment

Eg.Melatonin is secreted at night but more is released during long nights of winter

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20
Q

Can biological clock reset?

A

Yes, external stimuli can reset biological clock

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21
Q

Acclimatization is_____

A

physiological adjustment to changes to its external environment

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22
Q

What is difference between acclimatization and adaptation?

A

Acclimatization-temporary change in lifetime

Adaptation-process of change in a population over many generations

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23
Q

What is thermoregation?

A

Maintaining body temperature within normal range

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24
Q

What will happen if body temperature is out of normal range?

A

1)reduce efficacy of enzymatic reactions
2)Alter fluidity of membrane
3)affect temperature sensitive biochemical processes

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25
Q

Endotherm

A

Humans and mammals

They receive heat energy from metabolism and can maintain stable temperature

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26
Q

Ectotherm

A

Amphibian,reptile,fishes and invertebrates

They receive heat energy from external sources and maintain body temperature by behavioral means

They consume less food than endotherm(metabolicကheatပေါ်မမှီခိုလို့)

Can withstand during extreme fluctuation in internal temperature

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27
Q

Animal with constant body temperature are called_____

A

Homotherm

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28
Q

Animal with various body temperature according to environment are called_____

A

Poikilotherm

NOT ALL ENDOTHERM ARE HOMOTHERM AND NOT ALL ECTOTHERM ARE POIKILOTHERM

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29
Q

Thermoregulation depends on animal’s ability to_______

A

control the exchange of heat with its environment

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30
Q

Methods of heat exchange

A

1)Radiation
2)Evaporation
3)Convection
4)Conduction

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31
Q

Thermoregulation is ____

A

maintaining rate of heat loss that is equal to rate of heat gain

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32
Q

Heat transferred from ____ to _____

A

high temperature- low temperature

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33
Q

How mammals exchange heat?

A

By integumentary system( skin,hair and nails)

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34
Q

Explain radiation

A

emission of heat by all objects warmer than absolute zero

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35
Q

Explain evaporation

A

removal of heat from surface of liquid by losing its gas molecules

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36
Q

Explain convection

A

the transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid past a surface

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37
Q

Explain conduction

A

Direct transfer of heat b/w objects

38
Q

Explain insulation

A

Reduces the heat exchange b/w body and its environment

39
Q

Insulation takes place in _____ and _____

A

body surface(birds)

beneath layers of fat (human relies mainly on fat)

40
Q

Why insulation is important for marine mammals?

A

b/c transfer of heat to water is more rapid than transfer of heat to air

41
Q

marine mammals contains_____ for insulation

A

bubbler,thick layer of insulting fat under skin

bubblerပါလို့can maintain normal range like human

42
Q

How CVS involved in heat exchange?

A

By increasing blood flow bear the surface or by trapping heat within body core

43
Q

What is vasodilation ?

A

Widening of blood vessels that cause an increase in diameter of vessels leading to increase blood flow

in case of heat exchange,widening of superficial blood vessels

44
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Narrowing of blood vessels that cause decreased vessels diameter leading to decrease blood flow

45
Q

Vasodilation,Vasoconstriction and heat exchange

A

Vasodilation increases heat flow to environment

Vasoconstriction decreases heat flow to environment

46
Q

Countercurrent exchange is used to____

A

reduce heat loss from body

47
Q

What is countercurrent exchange?

A

Transfer of heat b/w fluids of flowing opposite directions

Eg.Arteries and Veins that are adjacent
Arteries carry warm blood to extremities and veins carry cold blood to body.
So arteries transfer heat to vein along whole length of vessels

48
Q

How heat is lost by evaporation?

A

Water absorbs heat when evaporates and this heat is carried away from skin and surface by water vapour

49
Q

How evaporation occur in mammals?

A

Humans and horses—->sweat glands
Birds and other mammals——>panting

50
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

Heat production

51
Q

Do endotherms can vary thermogenesis?

A

Yes

endotherm can vary thermogenesis to match heat loss

52
Q

Thermogenesis is increased by_____

A

muscle activity(i.e.moving or shivering)

in some mammals,nonshivering thermogenesis (driven by endocrine signals)

some mammals also have brown fat for rapid heat production

53
Q

Sensor for thermoregulation are concentrated in _____

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

Physiological thermostat

A

Hypothalamus

55
Q

How hypothalamus regulate if body temperature is below normal range?

A

hypothalamus inhibits heat loss by vasoconstriction and increased thermogenesis

56
Q

How hypothalamus regulate if body temperature is above normal range?

A

Hypothalamus shut down heat saving mechanism by vasodilation and evaporation(sweating ,panting)

57
Q

What is fever?

A

Temporary change in temperature due to infections

58
Q

Life requires _____ and ______

A

energy transfer -transformation

59
Q

Animal requires _____energy for _____

A

chemical-cellular activities

60
Q

Autotrophs obtain chemical energy by______

A

producing organic molecules using light energy

61
Q

Heterotrophs obtain chemical energy from____

A

food

62
Q

What is metabolic date?

A

The sum of all energy used by animal in given time interval

63
Q

Energy is measured in _____,_____ and _____

A

Joules
Kilojoules
Calories

64
Q

Methods of determining metabolic rate

A

1)Calorimeter by measuring rate of heat loss(chemical energyတွေအကုန်လုံးcellular respiration ကနေheatပြန်ထွက်လာ)

2)By amt of O2 used and amt of CO2 released

3)By measuring energy content of food and waste product

65
Q

Animal must maintain ______ for basic functions

A

Minimum metabolic rate

66
Q

How to measure minimum metabolic rate in endotherm?

A

Measured at rest,empty stomach and stress free condition

called BASAL METABOLIC RATE(BMR)

67
Q

How to measure minimum metabolic rate in ectotherm?

A

Measured at rest, empty stomach and stress free condition

called STANDARD METABOLIC RATE(SMR)

68
Q

Size and metabolic rate

A

inversely proportional

(အကောင်ကြီးလေ chemical energyပိုလိုပေမဲ့ အကောင်သေးလေ energyကိုမြန်မြန်သုံးလေheat မြန်မြန်ထွက်လေ metabolic rateများလေ)

69
Q

Activity and metabolic rate

A

activity များများလုပ်လေmetabolic rateများလေ

70
Q

What is torpor?

A

A physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism

71
Q

_____ and _____ reduces heat loss

A

countercurrent exchange
Insulation

72
Q

______increases heat loss

A

Evaporation (Panting,sweating and bathing)

73
Q

Types of torpor

A

Circadian rhythm(daily torpor)-all endotherm

In winter(Hibernation)

In summer (Estivation)

74
Q

Is sweating homeostasis?

A

Yes. When you exercise vigorously, you produce heat, which increases ur body temp. Hence, sweating reduces ur body temp by evaporation,

75
Q

What feedback is involved in homeostasis? Positive or negative feedback?

A

Positive feedback- amplifies the stimulus, such as contraction in giving birth.

More contraction-more pressure-more opening of the uterus

76
Q

How is homeostasis sometimes affected by acclimatization?

A

In high attitudes——> hyperventilation——>CO2 decreases—- >pH alkaline——>several days on the mountain=urine contains bases to maintain the blood pH

77
Q

Why is thermoregulation by homeostasis essential?

A

Thermoregulation is the process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range. Body temperatures outside the normal range can reduce the efficiency of enzymatic reactions, alter the fluidity of cellular membranes, and affect other temperature-sensitive biochemi- cal processes, potentially with fatal results.

78
Q

What is the difference between endothermic and ectodermic?

A

Endothermic maintain their body temperature by internal mechanisms. Eg, warm blooded animals, dogs and humans and birds

Ectoderm’s- adjust their body temp by behavioral means, such as seeking out shade or basking in the sun

79
Q

Ectoderms are cold blooded and endotherms are warm blooded. True or false?

A

False. Ectoderm’s do not necessarily have low body temp. On the other hands, ectodermic lizzards have higher body temp than mammals.

80
Q

Stable body temp organism-homeotherms Fluctuated body temp organism - poikilotherms

Ectoderms are poikilotherms and endotherms are homeotherms. Is that always true?

A

No. Some fish (ectoderm) living in water have stable body temps that their temp varies less than those of mammals

81
Q

How is thermoregulation achieved?

A

Thermoregulation- exchange heat with the environment

The amount of heat gained= amount of heat loses

By several of mechanisms such as intergumentary system of outer covering of the body, hair, skin and nails

82
Q

What is Insulation. Is it important in thermoregulation?

A

Reduce the flow of heat between the body and environment. Its very essential in thermoregulation.

In cold weather, adipose tissue in human, fur and feather in birds , a layer of insulating fat called blubber in whales to endure the coldness of the water

83
Q

Can thermoregulation be done with blood flow?

A

Yes, circulatory system-major route of blood flow between the interior and exterior of the body.
Altering the amount of blood flow between the body core and skin= altering the amount of heat

Vasodilation-more blood to the skin-radiation, conduction and convection

Vasoconstriction- constrict the blood vessels- Moore blood to the body core instead- reserve heat

84
Q

What is countercurrent exchange of heat?

A

In body, arteries and veins are flowing in the opposite directions.

Artery coming out from the body core-warm
Veins after supplying blood to body parts- cold
Heat transformed from artery to veins along the entire length.

As the blood in the veins approaches the center of the body, it is almost as warm as the body core, minimizing the heat loss that results from supplying blood to body parts immersed in cold water.

85
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

Endoderms generally have a body temp higher than environment. They must counteract continual heat loss. Eg, shivering in birds in cold weather to produce heat, brown fat in bears and embryos for rapid heat production

86
Q

Where is thermostat that detect the thermoregulation located?

A

In the hypothalamus

87
Q

How does the sensor in hypothalamus work when the temp increases or decreases from the normal range?

A

Temp increases- vasodilation-blood to outer skin - heat loss+sweating to reduce heat

Temp decreases -vasoconstriction to direct blood flow more to internal organs + shivering in animals to produce heat

88
Q

What is BMR and SMR?

A

BMR- basal metabolic rate- metabolic rate of non-growing endotherm, under no stress is called BMR at a comfortable temp range when there is minimum generation or shedding of heat
SMR- MR of ectoderm’s at a specific temp because rate of ectoderm’s is determined at a specific temp bcuz changes in environment temp alter body temp and hence metabolic rate

89
Q

How is blood glucose level remained constant?

A

Your blood glucose levels also remain fairly constant because the liver removes glucose from the blood and converts it to glycogen; when the body cells require glucose, glycogen is broken down

90
Q

What happens when glucose level rises?

A

Brain——>pancreas——>insulin secretion——>causes blood glucose level to decrease by converting it to glycogen

91
Q

What happens why calcium level decrease?

A

Parathyroid hormone senses it and release PTH , causing the absorption of calcium through the intestines and kidneys and possibly the breakdown of bones in order to liberate calcium

92
Q

Is blood clotting positive or negative feedback mechanism?

A

Positive feedback

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