Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 major systems for coordination and controlling responses to stimuli?

A

1)Nervous system
2)Endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How endocrine system works?

A

Signaling molecules(hormones) released into bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in body

But hormones act only on cells with its specific receptors so response are limited to cells that have receptors for signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How nervous system works?

A

Neurons transmit signals(nerve impulses) along dedicated routes connecting specific location in the body

Response are limited to cells that connect by specialized junction to axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Effects of hormones and nerve impules

A

Hormones are released into bloodstream within seconds and its effects long-lasting and it remains in bloodstream for minutes or hours

Transmission in nervous system is extremely fast;nerve impulses take only a fraction of a sec to reach the target and last only a fraction of a sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

endocrine system is well suited for_____

A

coordinating gradual changes (i.e. growth and development, reproduction, metabolic processes and digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nervous system is well suited for_____

A

Directing immediate and rapid response to environment (i.e.reflexes and other rapid movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a regulator?

A

An animals if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change during fluctuation in external environment.

(external changesတွေရှိတိုင်းမှာinternal environment ကိုchanges မဖြစ်အောင်control လုပ်)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a conformer?

A

An animal that allows its internal condition to change according to external changes

(external changesအတိုင်းအလိုက်သင့်လိုက်ပြောင်း)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of internal balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How animals achieve homeostasis?

A

Animals maintains steady state (constant internal environment) even when external environment changes significantly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Animals achieve homeostasis by maintaining _____ within_____

A

variable within set point

below or above of normal state eg.temp-36~38•C is set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How body react if there is fluctuations above if below set point?

A

Fluctuation was detected by sensor and it send signal to control center.
Control center generates response to stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Major feedback regulation in animals

A

Negative feedback

Eg.During vigorous exercise,body produce heat and increase temperature which is detected and triggers sweating leading to evaporation of moisture from skin and cools and decrease the body temperature

Response inhibits the initial stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Homeostasis is _____

A

Dynamic equilibrium

(external factorsတွေကinternalကိုchange ဖို့ကြိုးစားပေမဲ့internalကလက်မခံ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are physiological responses instantaneous?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain positive feedback

A

Response that amplifies the stimulus

Eg.During child birth, near uterusမှာရှိနေတဲ့baby’s head pressureကြောင့်uterusပိုပွင့်လာ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Regulated changes in body

A

1)Particular stage in life(eg.hormones change at puberty)

2)Cyclic regulated changes (eg.menstrual cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

a set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hrs

eg.body temp rise and fall 1•C in 24 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is circadian rhythm same to all?

A

No,it’s intrinsic to body and response to light and dark of external environment

Eg.Melatonin is secreted at night but more is released during long nights of winter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Can biological clock reset?

A

Yes, external stimuli can reset biological clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acclimatization is_____

A

physiological adjustment to changes to its external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is difference between acclimatization and adaptation?

A

Acclimatization-temporary change in lifetime

Adaptation-process of change in a population over many generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is thermoregation?

A

Maintaining body temperature within normal range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What will happen if body temperature is out of normal range?

A

1)reduce efficacy of enzymatic reactions
2)Alter fluidity of membrane
3)affect temperature sensitive biochemical processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Endotherm
Humans and mammals They receive heat energy from metabolism and can maintain stable temperature
26
Ectotherm
Amphibian,reptile,fishes and invertebrates They receive heat energy from external sources and maintain body temperature by behavioral means They consume less food than endotherm(metabolicကheatပေါ်မမှီခိုလို့) Can withstand during extreme fluctuation in internal temperature
27
Animal with constant body temperature are called_____
Homotherm
28
Animal with various body temperature according to environment are called_____
Poikilotherm NOT ALL ENDOTHERM ARE HOMOTHERM AND NOT ALL ECTOTHERM ARE POIKILOTHERM
29
Thermoregulation depends on animal’s ability to_______
control the exchange of heat with its environment
30
Methods of heat exchange
1)Radiation 2)Evaporation 3)Convection 4)Conduction
31
Thermoregulation is ____
maintaining rate of heat loss that is equal to rate of heat gain
32
Heat transferred from ____ to _____
high temperature- low temperature
33
How mammals exchange heat?
By integumentary system( skin,hair and nails)
34
Explain radiation
emission of heat by all objects warmer than absolute zero
35
Explain evaporation
removal of heat from surface of liquid by losing its gas molecules
36
Explain convection
the transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid past a surface
37
Explain conduction
Direct transfer of heat b/w objects
38
Explain insulation
Reduces the heat exchange b/w body and its environment
39
Insulation takes place in _____ and _____
body surface(birds) beneath layers of fat (human relies mainly on fat)
40
Why insulation is important for marine mammals?
b/c transfer of heat to water is more rapid than transfer of heat to air
41
marine mammals contains_____ for insulation
bubbler,thick layer of insulting fat under skin bubblerပါလို့can maintain normal range like human
42
How CVS involved in heat exchange?
By increasing blood flow bear the surface or by trapping heat within body core
43
What is vasodilation ?
Widening of blood vessels that cause an increase in diameter of vessels leading to increase blood flow in case of heat exchange,widening of superficial blood vessels
44
What is vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of blood vessels that cause decreased vessels diameter leading to decrease blood flow
45
Vasodilation,Vasoconstriction and heat exchange
Vasodilation increases heat flow to environment Vasoconstriction decreases heat flow to environment
46
Countercurrent exchange is used to____
reduce heat loss from body
47
What is countercurrent exchange?
Transfer of heat b/w fluids of flowing opposite directions Eg.Arteries and Veins that are adjacent Arteries carry warm blood to extremities and veins carry cold blood to body. So arteries transfer heat to vein along whole length of vessels
48
How heat is lost by evaporation?
Water absorbs heat when evaporates and this heat is carried away from skin and surface by water vapour
49
How evaporation occur in mammals?
Humans and horses—->sweat glands Birds and other mammals——>panting
50
What is thermogenesis?
Heat production
51
Do endotherms can vary thermogenesis?
Yes endotherm can vary thermogenesis to match heat loss
52
Thermogenesis is increased by_____
muscle activity(i.e.moving or shivering) in some mammals,nonshivering thermogenesis (driven by endocrine signals) some mammals also have brown fat for rapid heat production
53
Sensor for thermoregulation are concentrated in _____
Hypothalamus
54
Physiological thermostat
Hypothalamus
55
How hypothalamus regulate if body temperature is below normal range?
hypothalamus inhibits heat loss by vasoconstriction and increased thermogenesis
56
How hypothalamus regulate if body temperature is above normal range?
Hypothalamus shut down heat saving mechanism by vasodilation and evaporation(sweating ,panting)
57
What is fever?
Temporary change in temperature due to infections
58
Life requires _____ and ______
energy transfer -transformation
59
Animal requires _____energy for _____
chemical-cellular activities
60
Autotrophs obtain chemical energy by______
producing organic molecules using light energy
61
Heterotrophs obtain chemical energy from____
food
62
What is metabolic date?
The sum of all energy used by animal in given time interval
63
Energy is measured in _____,_____ and _____
Joules Kilojoules Calories
64
Methods of determining metabolic rate
1)Calorimeter by measuring rate of heat loss(chemical energyတွေအကုန်လုံးcellular respiration ကနေheatပြန်ထွက်လာ) 2)By amt of O2 used and amt of CO2 released 3)By measuring energy content of food and waste product
65
Animal must maintain ______ for basic functions
Minimum metabolic rate
66
How to measure minimum metabolic rate in endotherm?
Measured at rest,empty stomach and stress free condition called BASAL METABOLIC RATE(BMR)
67
How to measure minimum metabolic rate in ectotherm?
Measured at rest, empty stomach and stress free condition called STANDARD METABOLIC RATE(SMR)
68
Size and metabolic rate
inversely proportional (အကောင်ကြီးလေ chemical energyပိုလိုပေမဲ့ အကောင်သေးလေ energyကိုမြန်မြန်သုံးလေheat မြန်မြန်ထွက်လေ metabolic rateများလေ)
69
Activity and metabolic rate
activity များများလုပ်လေmetabolic rateများလေ
70
What is torpor?
A physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
71
_____ and _____ reduces heat loss
countercurrent exchange Insulation
72
______increases heat loss
Evaporation (Panting,sweating and bathing)
73
Types of torpor
Circadian rhythm(daily torpor)-all endotherm In winter(Hibernation) In summer (Estivation)
74
Is sweating homeostasis?
Yes. When you exercise vigorously, you produce heat, which increases ur body temp. Hence, sweating reduces ur body temp by evaporation,
75
What feedback is involved in homeostasis? Positive or negative feedback?
Positive feedback- amplifies the stimulus, such as contraction in giving birth. More contraction-more pressure-more opening of the uterus
76
How is homeostasis sometimes affected by acclimatization?
In high attitudes——> hyperventilation——>CO2 decreases—- >pH alkaline——>several days on the mountain=urine contains bases to maintain the blood pH
77
Why is thermoregulation by homeostasis essential?
Thermoregulation is the process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range. Body temperatures outside the normal range can reduce the efficiency of enzymatic reactions, alter the fluidity of cellular membranes, and affect other temperature-sensitive biochemi- cal processes, potentially with fatal results.
78
What is the difference between endothermic and ectodermic?
Endothermic maintain their body temperature by internal mechanisms. Eg, warm blooded animals, dogs and humans and birds Ectoderm’s- adjust their body temp by behavioral means, such as seeking out shade or basking in the sun
79
Ectoderms are cold blooded and endotherms are warm blooded. True or false?
False. Ectoderm’s do not necessarily have low body temp. On the other hands, ectodermic lizzards have higher body temp than mammals.
80
Stable body temp organism-homeotherms Fluctuated body temp organism - poikilotherms Ectoderms are poikilotherms and endotherms are homeotherms. Is that always true?
No. Some fish (ectoderm) living in water have stable body temps that their temp varies less than those of mammals
81
How is thermoregulation achieved?
Thermoregulation- exchange heat with the environment The amount of heat gained= amount of heat loses By several of mechanisms such as intergumentary system of outer covering of the body, hair, skin and nails
82
What is Insulation. Is it important in thermoregulation?
Reduce the flow of heat between the body and environment. Its very essential in thermoregulation. In cold weather, adipose tissue in human, fur and feather in birds , a layer of insulating fat called blubber in whales to endure the coldness of the water
83
Can thermoregulation be done with blood flow?
Yes, circulatory system-major route of blood flow between the interior and exterior of the body. Altering the amount of blood flow between the body core and skin= altering the amount of heat Vasodilation-more blood to the skin-radiation, conduction and convection Vasoconstriction- constrict the blood vessels- Moore blood to the body core instead- reserve heat
84
What is countercurrent exchange of heat?
In body, arteries and veins are flowing in the opposite directions. Artery coming out from the body core-warm Veins after supplying blood to body parts- cold Heat transformed from artery to veins along the entire length. As the blood in the veins approaches the center of the body, it is almost as warm as the body core, minimizing the heat loss that results from supplying blood to body parts immersed in cold water.
85
What is thermogenesis?
Endoderms generally have a body temp higher than environment. They must counteract continual heat loss. Eg, shivering in birds in cold weather to produce heat, brown fat in bears and embryos for rapid heat production
86
Where is thermostat that detect the thermoregulation located?
In the hypothalamus
87
How does the sensor in hypothalamus work when the temp increases or decreases from the normal range?
Temp increases- vasodilation-blood to outer skin - heat loss+sweating to reduce heat Temp decreases -vasoconstriction to direct blood flow more to internal organs + shivering in animals to produce heat
88
What is BMR and SMR?
BMR- basal metabolic rate- metabolic rate of non-growing endotherm, under no stress is called BMR at a comfortable temp range when there is minimum generation or shedding of heat SMR- MR of ectoderm’s at a specific temp because rate of ectoderm’s is determined at a specific temp bcuz changes in environment temp alter body temp and hence metabolic rate
89
How is blood glucose level remained constant?
Your blood glucose levels also remain fairly constant because the liver removes glucose from the blood and converts it to glycogen; when the body cells require glucose, glycogen is broken down
90
What happens when glucose level rises?
Brain——>pancreas——>insulin secretion——>causes blood glucose level to decrease by converting it to glycogen
91
What happens why calcium level decrease?
Parathyroid hormone senses it and release PTH , causing the absorption of calcium through the intestines and kidneys and possibly the breakdown of bones in order to liberate calcium
92
Is blood clotting positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Positive feedback

Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions