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Physiology > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Process of controlling solute concentrations and balancing water gain or loss

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2
Q

How marine birds and fishes regulate water?

A

They conserve more body water and eliminating excess salts.

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3
Q

How fresh water animals regulate water balance?

A

They conserve more solute and absorbing salts from surroundings

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4
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Balancing heat loss and heat gain

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5
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Balancing uptake and loss of water and solutes

also important to excrete nitrogenous waste(i.e. Ammonia,Urea)

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6
Q

When osmosis takes place?

A

2 solutions of different solute concentrations are separated by a membrane

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7
Q

What is osmolarity

A

unit for measurement of total solute concentration

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8
Q

What is isosmotic solutions?

A

2 solutions with same osmolarity

There is no net movement of water

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9
Q

Water enters and leaves cells by ______

A

Osmosis

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10
Q

What is hypoosmotic solution?

A

More dilute solution
Solution with less solute concentration

Water will diffuse out of the solution

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11
Q

What is hyperosmotic solution?

A

More concentrated solution
Solution with more solute concentration

Water will diffuse into the solution

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12
Q

Osmoconformer

A

Animal that maintain isoosmotic with its surroundings.

internal osmolarity နဲ့ surrounding osmolarity နဲ့တူတူပဲ

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13
Q

Osmoregulators

A

Animal that control internal osmolarity independent to that of the environment

Hypoosmotic environment မှာဆိုwater discharge လုပ်

Hyperosmotic environment မှာဆို water take in

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14
Q

Which type have constant internal osmolarity?

Osmoconformer or Osmoregulator?

A

Osmoconformer

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15
Q

_____ are osmoconformer.

A

Most marine animals

**Marine invertebrates **

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16
Q

______ are osmoregulator.

A

Fresh water animals and land animals

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17
Q

Stenohaline animals

A

most animals cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

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18
Q

Euryhaline animals

A

animals that can survive even large fluctuation in external osmolarity

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19
Q

Osmoregulation in marine bony fishes

A

They constantly loss water by osmosis so they balance water loss by drinking sea water.

The excess salt in sea water is eliminated through gills and kidneys

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20
Q

High concentrations of urea in blood can cause____

A

denaturation of proteins

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21
Q

Sharks have higher concentrations of urea in their body but their protein are well-functioned.Why?

A

Sharks contains organic molecules called trimethylamine oxide(TMAO)that protect proteins from denaturing

TMAO also regulates osmoregulation (sharksမှာinternal solute concနည်းပေမဲ့TMAOပေါင်းနေလို့solute concများသလိုဖြစ်နေ——>water diffuse in)

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22
Q

Most marine invertebrates are _____ but marine bony fishes and sharks a
has_____ than their environment

A

Osmoconformer (same osmolarity as environment)

less internal solute concentration (hypoosmotic)

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23
Q

Do sharks drink sea water?

A

No

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24
Q

The body fluids of fresh water animals is ____

A

hyperosmotic(more solute conc than environment)

so they have high osmolarity than environment

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25
Q

How fresh water animals regulate water balance?

A

They excrete large amount of very dilute urine(soluteနည်းနည်းပဲပါ) and drinking almost no water.

They also lost salts by diffusion and in urine but they replenished by eating

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26
Q

How land animals prevent dehydration?

A

body coverings of land animals can prevent dehydration and also reduce evaporative water loss

eg.keratinized skin cells covering most land vertebrates including humans

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27
Q

Most land animals lost water through_____ , _____ and _____

A

in urine and feces
across skin
from the surfaces of gas exchange

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28
Q

Most land animals replenish water by_____ and ____

A

drinking and eating
by producing water metabolically through cellular respiration

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29
Q

Most animals relies on _____ for osmoregulation and metabolic waste disposal

A

transport epithelia

Arranged into tubular networks with large surface area

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30
Q

Most significant waste products are ______ which are products of breakdown of _____ and _____

A

Nitrogenous waste(ammionia,urea and uric acid)

proteins and nuclei acids

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31
Q

Metabolic waste are insoluble.True or false?

A

False

The wastes must be dissolved in water in order to excreted from body

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32
Q

Why ammonia is very toxic?

A

Its ion,ammonium(NH4+) can interfere with oxidative phosphorylation

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33
Q

Why there are different forms of nitrogenous waste?

A

b/c of their toxicity and the energy cost to producing them differ

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34
Q

Ammonia excretion is most common in _____

A

aquatic species b/c they have large access of water

ammonia is highly soluble and forms its ions and easily pass through membrane and lost by diffusion into surrounding water

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35
Q

Is ammonia excretion suitable for land animals?

A

No

It cannot safely transported in less volume of water in surrounding

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36
Q

What nitrogenous base is excreted by most land animals and marine species?

A

Urea b/c they do not have sufficient access to excrete ammonia

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37
Q

In vertebrates,urea is the product of____

A

energy-consuming metabolic cycle that binds ammonia with CO2 in liver

ammonia to ureaပြောင်းဖို့energyအများကြီးလို

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38
Q

What is main advantage and disadvantage of urea excretion?

A

Main adv-urea has very low toxicity

Main disadv-animals must expand more energy to produce urea from ammonia

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39
Q

Uric acid is primary nitrogenous waste of_____

A

insects,land snails and reptiles including birds

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40
Q

Why birds excrete as semisolid paste?

A

Because uric acid is nontoxic but is insoluble in water so they excrete with water as semisolid paste

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41
Q

Do ATO require to convert ammonia to uric acid?

A

Yes

uric acid is more energetically expensive than urea,more ATP needed

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42
Q

Kidney functions in both _____ and______ in vertebrates.

A

osmoregulation
excretion

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43
Q

Tubules of kidney are _____ and are ______ with a network of capillaries

A

highly organized
closely associated

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44
Q

Vertebrate kidney is segmented or nonsegmented ?

A

nonsegmented

in some species,it is segmented

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45
Q

Parts of urinary system

A

Kideny—->ureter——>urinary bladder——>urethra

Kidney-urine production
Ureter-transport urine
Bladder-store urine
Urethra-Expels urine

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46
Q

Parts of the kindey

A

Outer renal cortex
Inner renal medulla

Both regions are supplied with blood by renal artery and drained by renal vein

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47
Q

How many blood is reach to kidney?

A

About 20% of cardiac output

if cardiac output is 5L/min only 1L is transported

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48
Q

How many blood is filtrated in kidney?

A

If 1L(1000ml) of blood reaches the kidney,it contains 400 ml of proteins and cells + 600 ml of plasma

Only 20% of this 600ml is filtered in kidney
so only 120ml/min is filtrated

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49
Q

Is all filter excreted?

A

No, nearly 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed by kidney and only 1% is excreted

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50
Q

What is the functional unit of kidney?

A

Nephron

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51
Q

Types of nephron

A

1)Cortical nephrons(85%) that reach short distance into medulla.
2)Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%) that reach deep into medulla.

Juxtamedullary nephrons are essential for water conservation in mammals

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52
Q

Parts of nephron

A

Afferent arterioles form ball of capillaries form GLOMERULUS which is surrounded by BOWMAN’S CAPSULE.(within cortex)
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES(within cortex)
LOOP OF HENLE-Descending loop and ascending loop(within medulla)
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES(within medulla)
COLLECTING DUCT

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53
Q

Site of filtration

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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54
Q

Forces that driven filtration

A

1)Hydrostatic pressure caused by blood pressure

2)Oncotic pressure is a osmotic pressure exerted on fluid in the presence of proteins in blood or tissue

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55
Q

Filtrate produced in capsules contains______

A

Water
Salts
HCO3-
H+
Urea
Glucose,amino acids
Some drugs and toxins

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56
Q

Reabsorption in proximal tubules

A

Proximal tubule reabsorb ions,water and nutrients.
1)NaCl is reabsorbed together by water via passive or active transport
2)Glucose,K+,amino acids also reabsorbed
3)90% of Bicarbonate is reabsorbed

4)H+ and NH3+ is secreted to maintain constant pH
5)some drugs and toxins are excreted

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57
Q

Reabsorption in Descending loop

A

WATER is mainly absorbed because
1)the medulla region is increasingly salty than cortex region that can cause osmosis
2)presence of numerous aquaporin channels

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58
Q

Ascend loop lacks____

A

Aquaporin channels

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59
Q

Reabsorption in ascending loop

A

1)Thin segment-reabsorption of NaCl(waterပါ)

2)Thick segment-active transport of NaCl(waterမပါ)

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60
Q

Reabsorption in distal tubules and collecting ducts is depend on _____

A

ADH hormones

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61
Q

Reabsorption in Distal tubule

A

1)NaCl is reabsorbed
2)K+ is secreted

Distal tubule also regulates pH by control secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3-

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62
Q

Reabsorption in collecting duct

A

Mainly NaCl but its reabsorption is depending on hormone

and some urea is reabsorbed

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63
Q

Osmolarity of blood is

A

300mOsm/L

64
Q

Tha maximum concentrated urine in human kidney is

A

1200mOsm/L-the osmolarity of inner medulla

65
Q

Production of hyperosmotic urine occur in ____

A

thick segment of ascending loop of Henle

66
Q

Production of concentrated urine based on_____ and requires____

A

active transport of solute

ATP/energy

67
Q

Primary solutes that affects the osmolarity are_____ and _____

A

NaCl and urea

68
Q

Filtrate from Bowman’s capsule and proximal tubule has _____ osmolarity as blood.

A

same

69
Q

Osmolarity in descending loop of Henle

A

water leaves by osmosis(aquaporin) so more NaCl is concentrated in filtrate and INCREASES OSMOLARITY

70
Q

Countercurrent exchange system of loop of Henle based on ______ and requires ____

A

Active transport
Energy

71
Q

Countercurrent system that requires energy to create concentration gradient is called

A

countercurrent multiplier systems

72
Q

Osmolarity in cortex and medulla

A

Medulla has higher osmolarity than cortex

(Active transport of NaCl and Diffusion of urea from collecting duct)

အောက်ရောက်လေOsmolarity များလေ

73
Q

Osmolarity in collecting duct

A

The filtrate that pass the ascending loop have higher solute concentration than intestial fluid(hypoosmotic).

Collating duct is permeable to water and not to solute so more water will diffuse into the intestial fluid making filtrate hyperosmotic urine(more concentrated)

74
Q

Kidney is one of the ______ metabolic rate of any organ

A

highest

75
Q

Kidney concentrates urine maximally,the urine reaches

A

1200mOsm/L-the osmolarity of inner medulla

urine is isoosmotic to inner medulla but
hyperosmotic to blood and other intestial fluid

76
Q

What will happen to urine concentration if our diet contains more salt intake and less water intake?

A

Hyperosmotic urine will produce

(urine with more urea and salts with minimal water loss)

77
Q

What will happen to urine concentration if our diet contains less salt intake and more water intake?

A

Hypoosmotic urine

(Urinw with excess water and little salt)

78
Q

Key hormone of kidney is____

A

antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

79
Q

ADH hormones released from_____

A

Posterior pituitary gland

80
Q

Action of Vasopressin

A

When ADH binds to membrane receptors of the collecting ducts, the receptors initiate a signal transduction cascade that directs insertion of aquaporin proteins on the membrane of collecting ducts.

More aquaporin channels —->more water reabsorption

81
Q

ADH responds to_____

A

1)Increased blood osmolarity ***
2)excessive dehydration
3)less water intake

82
Q

How ADH responds if blood osmolarity rises above set point?

A

When blood osmolarity rises above,the osmoreceptor in hypothalamus triggers increased release of ADH from posterior pituitary leading to more water reabsorption.

83
Q

How ADH responds if blood osmolarity falls below set point?

A

When blood osmolarity fall below ,the osmoreceptor in hypothalamus triggers decreased release of ADH from posterior pituitary leading to less water reabsorption.

84
Q

ADH action is controlled by ____

A

Negative feedback loop

When blood osmolarity reaches to set point,hypothalamus reduces ADH release

85
Q

____,_____ and_____ are linked in feedback circuit.

A

Blood osmolarity,ADH release and water reabsorption

Eg.Alcohol inhibits ADH release, leading to excessive water excretion

86
Q

Excessive loss of both salt and body fluids lead to _______

A

reduce blood volume without increasing osmolarity

ADH is not responding in such situations **

87
Q

How body responds when blood volume of pressure is dropped?

A

Responds by endocrine circuit called RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

88
Q

Function of RAAS

A

To increase both Na+ and water reabsorption

89
Q

RAAS involves_____

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus
,a specialized tissue around afferent arterioles

Afferent arterioles-supplies blood to glomerulus

90
Q

How RAAS works?

A

1)When blood vol or pressure drops in afferent arterioles,JGA releases enzyme renin.
2)Renin cleaves plasmas protein called angiotensin into peptide angiotensin II.
3)Angiotensin II cause vasoconstriction, so increasing blood pressure and decreasing blood flow to kidney.
4)Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone which causes distal tubules and collecting duct to more Na+ and water —->increasing blood vol and pressure

91
Q

RAAS is also controlled by _____

A

Negative feedback

When blood vol and pressure reaches the normal point,JGA reduces release of renin enzyme.

92
Q

Drugs that block angiotensin II is widely used to treat _____

A

Hypertension

These drugs are specific inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).

93
Q

Both ADH and RAAS increase____

A

water reabsorption

but ADH alone can cause lower Na+ reabsorption and RAAS maintain blood osmolarity by increasing Na+ reabsorption

94
Q

Hormone that oppose RAAS is ____

A

atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)

95
Q

ANP is released from___

A

walls of atria of the heart

96
Q

ANO responds to_____

A

increased blood vol and pressure

97
Q

Action of ANP

A

1)inhibits release of renin from JGA
2)inhibits Na+ reabsorption in collecting ducts
3)inhibits aldosterone release from adrenal glands

All of these actions lead to lower blood vol and pressure

98
Q

Mammals excrete_____

A

most hyperosmotic urine

99
Q

Mammals have many____

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons with loops of Hanle deep into medulla

100
Q

Aquatic mammals have mostly____

A

cortical nephrons

so they have lower ability to concentrate urine

101
Q

Land animals living in moist condition have _____

A

nephrons that contains loop of Henle with intermediate length

So their ability to concentrate urine is intermediate

102
Q

Main water conservation in animals is presence of

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

103
Q

Kidneys of birds contains juxtamedullary nephrons but they can’t concentrate urine into high osmolarity.Why?

A

loop of Henle is less deep into medulla

104
Q

Birds can produces _____

A

hyperosmotic urine

Uric acidကိုexcreteလုပ်တော့water conserveပိုလုပ်နိုင်

105
Q

Kidney of reptile contains only_____

A

cortical nephrons

So their urine is isoosmotic or hypoosmotic to body fluids

106
Q

Fresh water fishes produce urine with____

A

large vol of very dilute urine(less salt)

their kidney contains cortical nephrons(salt reabsorption သိပ်မလုပ်နိုင်)
So salt conservation relies on reabsorption of ions from distal tubules

107
Q

Amphibian excrete____

A

dilute urine as fresh water fishes

and their salt conservation relies on skin (accumulates salts from water of surrounding)

108
Q

Marine fishes have ____ and _____ nephrons and also lack_____.

And their kidney have_____ or no at all.

A

fewer-smaller-distal tubule

glomeruli

109
Q

Main function of kidney in marine fishes

A

to eliminate divalent ions(Mg2+,O2-)

110
Q

Water moves from the ——— to ———

A

Hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic

111
Q

Osmolarity is the number of solutes per———

A

Liter of the solution

112
Q

Osmoconformer means ———

A

To be isoosmotic with the surroundings

113
Q

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to ——— caused by the imbalance of molecules on either side of the membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

114
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

Pure water- has the osmotic pressure of 0
If some solutes is added to it, the osmotic pressure becomes negative (lower)
If more solutes are added to it, the osmotic pressure becomes even more negative
Therefore, water, high osmotic pressure to low osmotic pressure, low osmolarity to high osmolarity

The pressure that must be applied to stop the flow of water down its concentration gradient is called the osmotic pressure

115
Q

The concentration of electrolytes is measured by ———-

A

Milliequivalence
Millimoles of the ion concentration / divided by the number of charg on the ion

116
Q

Setnohaline and euryhaline

A

Stenohaline- cannot tolerate changes in external osmolarity Euryhaline- can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

117
Q

Osmoregulation is frequently coupled to the elimination of__________

A

Urea. Bcuz high concentration of urea can denature proteins thus disrupt cellular functions

118
Q

Why isn’t high concentration in shark bodies harmful?

A

Bcuz they contain TMAO , trimethylamine oxide, produced by shark tissues, the TMAO protects proteins from denaturing effect of urea

119
Q

TMAO in shark also function as ————

A

Osmoregulation.
Shark’s internal salt concentration is lower than that of its environment, therefore in hyperosmotic solution, salt enters the body through the gills. TMAO together with the salt, urea and other compounds result in a solute concentration in shark tissues somewhat higher than 1000 milliosmo. Therefore, the water enters the body. The small influx of water into shark’s body is disposed in the urine, the urine also removes some of the salt that diffuses into the water

120
Q

Salmons migrate between between fresh water and seawater. How do they osmoregulate in each environment ?

A

In fresh water——-> water= hypoosomotic ——> salmon produces dilute urine , and replenish the salt loss through their gills.
In marine water——> water= hyperosmotic——> secrete through concentrated urine with little water, and excrete excess salt from their gills

121
Q

Some organisms can lose all the water from the body and still survive. T or F

A

T. With an adaptation called anhydrobiosis. These organisms even survive when they dehydrate to less than 2 percent.
How? By containing a lot of sugar, in particular, trehalose, a disaccharide protect the cell by replacing water.
In freezing temp——> trehalose protect the membrane as well

122
Q

Water can be lost from the ————————-

A

Urine, feces, surface of the skin through sweating as well as surfaces of the gas exchange organs

123
Q

Maintaining osmolarity difference between an animal body and its surroundings require ————

A

Energy .
Maintaining osmotic gradient for water to move in and out, the active transport must be used to manipulate solute concentration

124
Q

Fresh water fishes have ———— than marine fishes

A

Lower solute concentration

125
Q

Nitrogenous waste can be excreted as ——,——,——

A

Nitrogenous waste comes from proteins and nucleic acid breakdown or converted to carbohydrates. The enz removes nitrogen and converted to nitrogenous waste

Ammonia, urea ,uric acid
Their toxicity and energy cost of producing them are differently

126
Q

Ammonia excretion

A

Ammonia excretion requires access to lots of water ———> bcuz ammonia is toxic and can only tolerate at low conc ——-> therefore seen in aquatic animals
Interconversion between ammonia and ammonium ions ——> can be lost by diffusion readily to the surrounding water

127
Q

Urea excretion

A

Energy consuming metabolic cycle——> ammonia+ CO2 in liver——> urea
Found in animals with no access to sufficient water to routinely excrete ammonia
Urea advantage= low toxicity Disadvantage= energy consuming
Animals that spend part of their lives on land and water===> switch urea and ammonia excretion for energy saving
In lands- urea
In marine- ammonia

128
Q

Uric acid

A

Uric acid- non- soluble in water / non-toxic / energetically more expensive than urea / have to be excreted in semi-solid paste with very little water loss
Birds dropping/ feces- uric acid+ brown feces
Human and mammals not primarily uric acid producers, but a small accumulation of uric acid from metabolism ——> sometimes disease
In dogs- uric acid stones in gall bladders In human- uric acid crystals d

129
Q

The type of the nitrogenous waste a species produce depends on ————,———,———

A

Environment
Embryo- absence or presence of shell around the egg
Absence of shell- ammonia or urea can easily diffuse out of the egg, she soluble waste produced by embryos can be carried away to mother.
With shell- urea or ammonia can be dangerous if accumulated in egg, therefore- Nitrogenous waste are unharmful uric acid, which can be left behind when the egg hatches
Diet- predators which derive much of the energy from protein——> more nitrogen , excrete more nitrogenous waste

130
Q

Where is renal corpuscle located?

A

In the renal cortex. Contains glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

131
Q

Where are proximal/ distal convulated tubules and loop of henle

A

The first part emerging from glomerulus is called proximal convoluted tubule, and it is located in the renal cortex/
Loop of henle is located in the renal medulla
Distal convoluted tubule is also located in the renal cortex

132
Q

Function of descending loop of henle

A

Water reabsorption, along the tubule ——> numerous water Channels aquaporins present+ , only allow water, low permeability to solutes

133
Q

Func of the ascending loop of Henle

A

Present thick and thin segment
Aquaporins absent unlike descending loop, transport epithelia facing the filtrate is insoluble to water

Thin segment——> diffuses NaCl out of the tubule
Thick segment———> continue diffusing NaCL into the ECF

Interstitial fluid ——> increased NaCl, maintain the osmolarity of ECF

134
Q

Func of collecting duct

A

Presence of aquaporins channels, when the kidney want to preserve water, water diffuses out of the aquaporin channels into the ECF/ salt are left behind .
Transport epithelium is impermeable to the water and urea, urea also diffuses out of the tubule . Filtrate increasingly concentrated ====> result is hyperosmotic to the general body fluids
If kidney needs dilute urea——> aquaporin channels are blocked,
water cannot move out of the duct, NaCl are actively transported out
of the epithelium into the ECF

135
Q

The ——— channels in ——- is controlled by ———

A

Aquaporins channels in the collecting ducts Hormones

136
Q

Osmolarity of blood is ——- milliosmo/L

A

300

137
Q

Kidneys can excrete urine more than the blood osmolarity t or f

A

True, blood osmolarity- 300 milliosmo/l
Urine osmolarity- can be up to 1200 milliosmo and more

138
Q

Glomerular filtration filters

A

Almost all the solute, except for the proteins are filtered out into the glomerulus by a process known as glomerular filtration

139
Q

Glomerular filtration requires ———

A

No energy

140
Q

Glomerulus filter filtrate by ——-

A

Blood pressure and specialized membranes of the
afferent arterioles

141
Q

The glomerulus blood pressure is dependent on the systemic blood pressure

A

False, independent

142
Q

What kind of products are excreted through the tubular secretion and where does it occur?

A

Undesirable waste products such as urea, uric acid, certain drugs
Most of them occur in the distal convulated tubule, some occur in the early part of the collecting duct , also in the proximal convulaed

143
Q

——- and ——- contribute the osmolarity of ECF

A

NaCl and urea

144
Q

Hyperosmotic urine is possible to be excreted by the kidney due to the ———

A

Energy expenditure of reabsorption of NaCl into the ECF , can maintain the osmotic gradient to extract water from the filtrate

145
Q

Why doesnt vasa recta dissipate the concentration gradient and aftect osmolarity

A

Down the loop of henle and uphill , the flow of blood are in different direction, with the different substances coming in and out in opposite directions.
Thus, the vasa recta can supply the kidney with nutrients and other important substances carried by the blood without interfering with the osmolarity gradient in the inner and outer medulla.

146
Q

How is osmotic gradient maintained throughout the life in the kidney for excretion?

A

The gradient will be gone without the energy expenditure to maintain the gradient.
The energy is mainly spent in the thick segments of the ascending loop where the NaCl are actively reabsorbed into the ECF and peritubular capillaries .
Do not need to spend energy at the thin segments bcuz NaCl diffuses out of the tubule at the thin segment

147
Q

Some urea leak out of ———the ——— and contribute to the ——- of the ——-

A

Collecting duct/ constant leakage supplies high osmotic pressure to the ECF

148
Q

When the kidney fully concentrates urine, urine is isoosmotic to ———- and hyperosmotic to ——-

A

Isoosmotic to the ECF of the medulla but hyperosmotic to the blood and interstitial fluid throughout the body, this allows solutes to be remained in the urine with the minimal water loss

149
Q

——— and ——— system regulate the osmoregulation function of the kidneys

A

Hormones and nervous system

150
Q

In addition to the hormonal release from the posterior pituitary ADH production, what does the hypothalamus do?

A

Increases thirst——> water intake——> decreases osmolarity of the blood

151
Q

What happens when you drink a lot of water and blood osmolarity is low?

A

Collecting ducts less permeable to water, and reduces the water reabsorption ——-> dilute urine large amount

152
Q

Why does alcohol makes urinate a lot ?

A

Alcohol inhibits ADH release, and hence causing dehydration and water loss

153
Q

What happens when there is the mutation in the ADH production or inactivate the ADH receptor ?

A

No ADH production ——> large secretion of diluted urine——> dehydration
Called diabete insipidus

154
Q

When there is diarrhea or a major wound what happens?

A

Diarrhea or major wound——> loss of both fluids and solute ——> no osmolarity change ——> no ADH——> so kidney performs sodium and water reabsorption by RAA ( renin- angiotensin- aldosterone system )
RAA system contains the juxtaglomerular apparatus, when the blood pressure or blood volume of the afferent arterioles drop , which supply blood to the glomerulus drops ——> justaglomerular apparatus releases renin ——> angiotensionogen ——> angiotensin 1 ——> angiotensin 2 ——> constrict of the blood vessels to the kidney and increasing the blood pressure ——> Also stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone ———> acts on the distal and collecting tubules to reabsorb the sodium and water——> increasing blood volume and pressure

155
Q

——— inhibits RAAS system

A

ANP acts as vasodilator
ANP ( atrial natriuretic peptide ) is secreted from the blood in high pressure and high blood volume
ANP inhibits renin secretion by juztaglomerular system
ANP reduces the aldosterone production by the adrenal glands ANP reduces the reabsorption of sodium and water by the collecting duct

156
Q

What is transport epithelia

A

Transport epithelia contain specialized epithelial cells that control the solute movements required for waste disposal and osmoregulation.

157
Q

Aldosterone is the hormones from ——— and apart from sodium and water reabsoprtion, it also———

A

Adrenal cortex
Secretes potassium out of the body, if the daily potassium is not secreted, retention of K+ can cause a dangerous increase in plasma K+ concentration
Addison’s disease- failing adrenal cortex—-> no aldosterone——> no potassium secretion, no sodium reabsorption——> sodium in urine—— > consequences fatal

Physiology (9 decks)

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