Tim 2 Flashcards
6 Major Macro Minerals
Cl
P
Na
Mg
K
Ca
Clarence, please no more killing cats
What forage contains high Ca content?
Alfalfa
4 things which lead to Ca deficiency
Low [] Ca in feed
Low absorption efficiency of Ca
Vitamin D Defficiency
Abnormal Ca:P ratio
2 symptoms of Ca deficiency?
Rickets
Osteoporosis
3 ways of preventing milk fever
Upregulate Ca homeostatic mechanisms
Feed low Ca diets in dry period
Acidify diet during dry period by feeding anionic salts
2 effects of Ca toxicity
Soft tissue calcification
Excess mineralization leading to osteopetrosis
4 function of P?
Bone mineralization
Nucleotide/nucleoside phosphates
Phosphoproteins
Regulation of acid-base balance
What is phytic acid?
Source of organic P
Enviro Pig
Produces phytase salivary glands
No need to include mineral phosphate supplement or commercialy produced phytase
Affects of P deficiency?
Similar to Ca
Poor fertiilty
Pica - consume dirt, chew on pen materials, bones
P toxicity
Bone resorption
Kidney Stones
Problems with Mg deficiency
Interferes with function of CNS
Grass Tetany
Uses of K
Principal cation of ICF
Contractility of smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle
How does hyperkalemia cause milk fever?
Excess K = Diets are too alkaline = shuts down hoemostatic regulation = interference with Ca homeostasis
Sulfur toxicity
Reduces copper availability and destroys thiamin
Major Micro minerals
Mn - Manganese
Mo - Molybdeneum
Cr - Chromium
Cu
Fe
Zn
Se
I
My mom cant cook for zoo sized indian
3 Functions of iron
Hb and Myoglobin
Peroxidases
Oxidoreductases
Transport and storage form of Fe
Transferin is transport form of Fe
Ferritin is major storage form
Competition between host and bacteria for Fe
Lactoferrin binds Fe to make it unavailable for bacteria - found in milk, saliva, tears
Bacteria produce siderophores - Fe binding proteins
Most common symptom of Fe deficiency
Anemia - lethargy, paleness, shortness of breath, poor growth
What animals are most susceptibel to Fe deficiency?
Piglets
- Low stores of Fe at birth
- Sow’s milk low in Fe
- High growth rate means high Fe requirement
Iodine deficiency
Goiter
Cretinism - stunted physical, mental growth
4 functions of Copper
Ceruloplasmin - oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+
Necessary for transfer of iron from tissue
Collagen - Cu is co-factor for the enzyme involved in cross-linking of collagen
Pigmentation - Cu required for melanin production
3 affects of Cu deficincy
Anemia
Depigmentation of skin and hair
Swayback or enzootic neonatal ataxia in lambs, calves
3 functions of Se?
Co-factor for glutahtione peroxidase
Thioredoxin reductase - inhibits apoptosis
Selenoproteins
3 affects of Se deficiency
White muscle disease - infiltration of muscle tissue with CT
Mulbery heart disease - pigs develop malformed heart
Stiff lamb disease
what is the most toxic mineral?
Se
Functions of Chromium
Exists in several oxidation states
Potentiates aciont of insulin
Promotes anabolic activity
