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Nutrition > Tim 1 > Flashcards

Tim 1 Flashcards

1
Q

6 reasons why the rumen is an ideal fermentation chamber

A

Anaerobic

85-90% moisture content

38-40C

pH control

Removal of products

Constant supply of food

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2
Q

3 phases of rumen

A

Gas

Rumen malt (solid zone)

Liquid Zone

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3
Q

In what phase are the majority of microbial organisms found?

A

Solid

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4
Q

What type of diet gives you good stratification?

A

High forage

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5
Q

How are bacteria classified in rumen?

A

Based on prefered substrate

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6
Q

2 major advantages of pre-gastric fermentation?

A

Make better use of fibrous roughages

Can convert cheap non-protein nitrogen into high quality microbial protein

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7
Q

What increases as grasses and straws get older?

A

Cellulose and lignin will increase

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8
Q

4 major carbs fermented by rumen?

A

Cellulose

Hemicellulose

Pectin

Starch

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9
Q

3 main non-protein nitrogen sources

A

Urea

Nitrates

Ammonia

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10
Q

What are fermented forages high in?

A

Ammonia

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11
Q

how much nitrogen do proteins on avg contain?

A

16%

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12
Q

what does ammonia production from nonproten nitrogen support?

A

Microbial protein production

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13
Q

Why do we generally not add urea to lactating cows?

A

Fermented forages are high in ammonia

High amounts of urea can make feed unpalatable

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14
Q

What adds up to equal metabolizable protein?

A

Microbial protein + bypass protein = Metabolizable protein

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15
Q

Can protozoa utilize ammonia for growth?

A

No, they utilize A.A. or eat bacteria

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16
Q

What makes up NDF

What makes up ADF

A
  1. Cellulose + hemicellulose + lignin = NDF
  2. Cellulose + lignin = ADF
17
Q

What part of the cell was is unavailable?

A

Mostly lignin - unfermentable

18
Q

What do you want to match so that you have most efficient microbial protein production?

A

Protein degradation and CHO fermentation. Otherwise if protein degrades to rapidly you get a spike in ammonia which you lose to the blood

19
Q

Contents of lysine and methionine in most feedstuff inferior to bacterial protein

A
20
Q

6 factors affecting rumen microbial protein production

A

Available Energy

Rumen Ammonia levels - very importnat

Synchronization of fermentation (CHO/N)

Preformed amino acids/peptides

Other nutrients

Rumen environment

21
Q

Why are multiple feedings/day prefered?

A

You get less loss and less lacking therefore more efficient with ammonia

22
Q

Functions of rumen protozoa?

A

Participate in cellulose digestion - greater VFA production

Highly proteolytic - provide ammonia to bacteria

Slower fementation of starch and sugars

Remove O2

23
Q

How to remove protozoa?

A

Chemicals

Isolation

Feeding high concentrate diets

Feeding unsaturated fatty acids

24
Q

2 benefits of supplying bypass protein

A

Maximize rumen microbial protein production

High-producing ruminants - microbial protein inadequate

25
Q

2 ideal feed stuffs to provide bypass protein

A

Corn gluten meal

Soy bean meal

26
Q

How does particle size affect degradation?

A

Smaller the particle size the higher the SA the more degradable it is

27
Q

What do high grain diets cause?

A

Acidosis - decrease in proteolytic activity

28
Q

How can you alter B1 and B2 so that they are not as degradable in rumen?

A

Heating, Roasting

  • Alters protein structure and solubility
29
Q

WHat occurs if you decrease solubility of a feed?

A

Decrease solubility in rumen, increase bypass protein

30
Q

How can Heated Soy Bean affect milk yield?

A

Heated soy bean increase byepass protein which increase milk yield

31
Q

HOw does chemical treatment affect protein degradation?

A

Crosslinks are formed, which decreases solubility

32
Q

3 major factors of ammonia absorption from rumen?

A

Rumen NH3 levels

ATP supply

Rumen pH - more alkaline pH, more absorption

33
Q

Fate of absorbed ammonia

A

Transported to liver by portal vein

Converted to urea

Urea released into blood

Ammonia Toxicity

34
Q

What affect does high forage content have on urea produced?

A

Higher the forage content, higher the urea

35
Q

3 ways that urea is transfered into rumen

A

Saliva

Simple diffusion across wall

Urea transporters

36
Q

3 inputs of N into the rumen?

A

Dietary Protein - Protein N and NPN

Recycle Urea - Saliva and Rumen Wall

Microbial protein

37
Q

3 outputs of N from the rumen

A

Microbial Protein

Undegraded feed (bypass) protein

Ammonia Absorption

Nutrition (10 decks)

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