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Nutrition > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 things are considered carbohydrates?

A

Sugars

Starches

Cellulose

Hemicellulose

Lignin

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2
Q

Are carbs an expensive or cheap source of energy?

A

Cheap Source!

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3
Q

What is the sweetest carbohydrate?

A

fructose

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4
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Fructose + Glucose

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5
Q

What is required to break down sucrose, is this found in most animals?

A

Sucrase

Not found in most animals - do not feed sucrose to pigs

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6
Q

What is one of the most important carbohydrates nutritionally?

A

Cellobiose

  • Two molecules of Beta - D- glucose
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7
Q

What are the most important carbohydrates in terms of animal feeding?

A

Polysaccharides

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8
Q

WHat are two types of starch granules?

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

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9
Q

How does amylopectin differ from amylose?

A

Amylopectin has branch points and therefore needs a debranching enzyme

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10
Q

What is glycogen structurally similar to?

A

Amylopectin, but glycogen is more highly branched

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11
Q

is cellulose digestable by monogastrics?

A

No - b1,4 linkage

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12
Q

What occurs as hay grows?

A

The longer it grows the higher percentage of lignin it contains and therefore decrease in digestibility

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13
Q

Why must poly and disaccharides be hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes into monosaccharides?

A

GI tract can only absorb monosaccharides

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14
Q

What is the most important source of carbohyrase activity?

A

Pancreas

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15
Q

WHat is the principle carbohydrate fed to monogastrics?

A

Starch in cereal grains

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16
Q

What is an organ over rated as a digestive organ

A

Stomach

More of storage

17
Q

Where is the principle site of carbohyrate digestion?

A

Small intestine

18
Q

How many step process is digestion of polysaccharides?

A

Two steps

  1. Initial break down to disaccharides
  2. Cleavage to monosaccharides
19
Q

where does most carbohydrate absorpition occur?

A

Upper cranial section of small intestine

  • duodenum and jejunum
20
Q

2 Mechanisms of transport?

A

Passive Diffusion

Active Diffusion

21
Q

3 metabolic fates of aborbed carbohydrates

A

used as immediate source of energy - glycolysis

Used as precursor for glycogen production

Used as a precursor for fat synthesis

22
Q

what is the main end product of carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics?

A

Glucose

23
Q

why can ruminants be fed high fiber containing feeds?

A

Bacteria in rumen can break down Beta linkages

24
Q

What are all carbs in ruminants broken down to?

A

Glucose to be used by bacteria not animal

25
Q

What is the primary energy source for rumen?

A

VFAs produced by bacteria

26
Q

3 types of VFAs

A

Acetate

Propionate

Butyrate

27
Q

what is the principle VFA formed?

A

Acetate

28
Q

How can we increase amount of acetate produced?

A

Feed high amounts of roughage

29
Q

Think acetate -

A

think acetyl CoA

30
Q

How do we increase propionate?

A

Increase levels of concentrate

31
Q

What VFA is the only VFA that can be used to produce glucose?

A

Propionate

32
Q

What is produced during acetate and butyrate production that isnt produced during propionate production?

A

H+

33
Q

What is the golden rule for VFA production?

A

Anything that lowers rumen pH will favor propionate production whereas anything that increase pH will favor acetate production

34
Q

5 factors affecting relative proportions of VFA

A

Level of feed intake

Frequency of feeding

Proportions of starch and fiber

Size of forage particles

Presence of rumen modifiers

35
Q

4 ways to increase acetate

A

Feed more freuqently

Increase amount of roughage

Grind feed more coarsely

Include buffers

36
Q

4 wyas to increas propionate

A

Feed less frequently

Increase amount of concentrate

Grind feed more finely

Include rumensin

Nutrition (10 decks)

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