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Question 1

Which of these perspectives would explain family relationships in terms of the subjective meanings and everyday interpretations that people give to their lives?

a. Postmodern theory
b. Functionalist theory
c. Feminist theory
d. Interactionist theory
e. Developmental theory

Answer 1

d. Interactionist theory

Question 2

All of the following are characteristics of persons most likely to divorce, EXCEPT

a. marriage at an early age.
b. the presence of children at the beginning of the marriage.
c. parents who are divorced or have unhappy marriages.
d. a high school education or less.
e. membership in the upper class.

Answer 2

e. membership in the upper class.

Question 3

The most common form of kinship tracing in industrial societies is

a. matrilineal.
b. bilateral.
c. patrilineal.
d. unilineal.
e. matrilocal.

Answer 3

b. bilateral.

Question 4

What is the term is used to describe a situation in which several companies overwhelmingly control an industry?

a. Monopoly
b. Oligopoly
c. Shared monopoly
d. Conglomerate
e. Dictatorship

Answer 4

b. Oligopoly

Question 5

All of the following are characteristics of preindustrial economies, EXCEPT

a. in hunting and gathering societies the production units are small, and most goods are produced by family members.
b. in horticultural and pastoral societies, the economy becomes distinct from family life.
c. in preindustrial economies, most workers engage in primary sector production.
d. the distribution process becomes less complex with the accumulation of a surplus.
e. the division of labor is organized according to age and gender.

Answer 5

d. the distribution process becomes less complex with the accumulation of a surplus.

Question 6

Power is widely dispersed across many competing interest groups in what kind of political system?

a. Pluralist
b. Elite
c. Distributive
d. Combined
e. Rational-legal

Answer 6

a. Pluralist

Question 7

The pluralist model assumes that political power is held by

Answer 7

many different groups, who negotiate and compromise with one another.

Question 8

Sociologists point out that the working poor

a. account for less than 5 percent of the U.S. population.
b. have financial resources to draw from if their condition deteriorates.
c. are never actually below the poverty line.
d. live from paycheck to paycheck.
e. do not have the attitude and motivation to better themselves.

Answer 8

d. live from paycheck to paycheck.

Question 9

Which of the following sociological perspectives would suggest that schools are agencies for reproducing the capitalist class system and for perpetuating inequality in society?

a. Functionalist theory
b. Strain theory
c. Conflict theory
d. Postmodern theory
e. Differential association theory

Answer 9

c. Conflict theory

Question 10

Strain Theory is

Answer 10

social structure.social pressure may make citizens want to commit crime

Question 11

According to sociologists, a major source of poverty is

a. people’s unwillingness to work.
b. governmental programs, such as welfare, that have kept families impoverished for generations.
c. the low wages paid for many jobs.
d. people’s desire for immediate gratification, and overuse of credit cards.
e. an insufficient supply of wealth in society as a whole.

Answer 11

c. the low wages paid for many jobs.

Question 12

Prejudice and discrimination

a. may or may not occur together.
b. are mutually exclusive.
c. always occur together.
d. are based on gender issues only.
e. are hate crimes.

Answer 12

a. may or may not occur together.

Question 13

Which of the following is defined as a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women?

a. Systematic female discrimination
b. Gender bureaucracy
c. Matriarchy
d. Institutionalized gender based discrimination
e. Matrilocal residence

Answer 13

c. Matriarchy

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding gender socialization by parents is TRUE?

a. Girls’ clothing is more functional than boys’ clothing.
b. When girl babies cry, parents respond to them more quickly.
c. Parents are more likely to talk and sing to male infants.
d. Male infants receive more gentle treatment than female infants.
e. Children’s toys no longer reflect parents’ gender role expectations.

Answer 14

b. When girl babies cry, parents respond to them more quickly.

Question 15

Middle adulthood refers to people between the ages of

a. 30 and 50.
b. 40 and 55.
c. 40 and 65.
d. 25 and 70.
e. 55 and 70.

Answer 15

c. 40 and 65.

Question 16

Social devaluation is most likely to be experienced by

a. infants and children.
b. adolescents.
c. young adults.
d. middle adults.
e. older adults.

Answer 16

e. older adults.

Question 17

Which of the following refers to people’s disengaging from social roles that have been central to their self-identity?

a. Role exit
b. Role conflict
c. Role expectation
d. Role performance
e. Role strain

Answer 17

a. Role exit

Question 18

Which of the following approaches suggests that migration may be fostered by groups—such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally—whose actions may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case?

a. Institutional approach
b. New households economics of migration approach
c. Network approach
d. Split-labor-market approach
e. Marxist approach

Answer 18

a. Institutional approach

Question 19

Which of the following refers to the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development?

a. Zero population growth
b. Demographic transition
c. Population lag
d. Cultural lag
e. Diffusion of innovations

Answer 19

b. Demographic transition

Question 20

The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residence elsewhere is referred to as

a. distribution.
b. migration.
c. immigration.
d. emigration.
e. mobilization.

Answer 20

d. emigration.

Question 21

There are two types of migration. Emmigration means

immagration means

Answer 21

Emigration refers to movement out of an area, whereas immigration refers to movement into an area.

Question 22

According to the concentric zone model of urban growth, Zone 1

a. contains wholesale light manufacturing.
b. is a ring of small cities and towns populated by people who commute.
c. contains working-class residences and shops and ethnic enclaves.
d. is the central business district and cultural center.
e. is a suburban shopping district.

Answer 22

d. is the central business district and cultural center.

Question 23

Which theoretical approach examines the experience of urban life?

a. Functionalist theory
b. Interactionist theory
c. Conflict theory
d. Developmental theory
e. Labeling theory

Answer 23

b. Interactionist theory

Question 24

Interactionist theory studies how

Answer 24

meaning is created in face-to-face interactions between individuals.

Question 25

Which of the following refers to institutions such as state bureaucracies and capital investment firms that are involved in the urban development process?

a. Agency
b. Green revolution
c. Structure
d. Independent revolution
e. Development

Answer 25

c. Structure

Question 26

Recent studies have found that for most African-American suburban residents, race is less important in determining one’s neighbors than

a. educational level.
b. class.
c. age.
d. status.
e. number of children.

Answer 26

b. class.

Question 27

What is one of the central characteristics of a normative organization?

a. It is divided by class.
b. All its members are paid a salary.
c. Its goal is resocialization of members through incarceration.
d. All of its members are female.
e. It is voluntary.

Answer 27

e. It is voluntary.

Question 28

Leadership in secondary groups involves

a. an informal hierarchy.
b. a friendly orientation.
c. a clearly defined hierarchy or chain of command.
d. a strong personality.
e. giving each member of the group equal authority.

Answer 28

c. a clearly defined hierarchy or chain of command.

Question 29

Approximately what percentage of criminal convictions is obtained through plea bargaining rather than trial?

a. 10
b. 30
c. 50
d. 90
e. 100

Answer 29

d. 90

Question 30

According to the value-added model, the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King that led to urban riots in the months following would be considered a

a. mobilization for action.
b. conductiveness issue.
c. structural strain.
d. precipitating factor.
e. relative deprivation.

Answer 30

d. precipitating factor.

Question 31

The value-added model suggests that social movements develop in response to

Answer 31

certain inciting incidents or dramatic events called precipitating factors.

Question 32

People in a shopping mall or on a city bus are examples of

a. conventional crowds.
b. expressive crowds.
c. acting crowds.
d. casual crowds.
e. random crowds.

Answer 32

d. casual crowds.

Question 33

According to George Herbert Mead, the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another, thereby enabling one to respond from that imagined viewpoint, is referred to as

a. the game stage.
b. role taking.
c. role conflict.
d. role expectation.
e. the sociological imagination.

Answer 33

b. role taking.

Question 34

Role-taking is the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of

Answer 34

another person or group in order to understand the world from that person’s or group’s point of view. For children, role-taking often occurs within play or games.

Question 35

The strongest mores are referred to as

a. taboos.
b. laws.
c. values.
d. sanctions.
e. folkways.

Answer 35

. taboos.

Question 36

Taboos refer to actions that are viewed

Answer 36

so negatively as to be considered unthinkable or unspeakable. Examples are incest and cannibalism.

Question 37

According to Erving Goffman, what is the area where a person performs a specific role before an audience?

a. Front stage
b. Back stage
c. Center stage
d. Theatre room
e. Stage setting

Answer 37

a. Front stage

Question 38

Which member of the early twentieth-century Chicago School asserted that urbanization creates a disintegrating influence on social life by producing an increase in the crime rate and by exacerbating racial and class conflicts?

a. Karl Marx
b. Robert Park
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Robert Merton
e. W. E. B. DuBois

Answer 38

b. Robert Park

Question 39

Which of the following terms was used by Karl Marx to describe the masses of people whose only resources are their labor skills?

a. Proletariat
b. Bourgeoisie
c. Dialectics
d. Unskilled workers
e. The underclass

Answer 39

a. Proletariat

Question 40

A variable or measure that gives consistent results each time it is applied is considered to be

a. valid.
b. reliable.
c. multivariate.
d. significant.
e. methodological.

Answer 40

b. reliable.

Question 41

According to functionalist theory, functions are

a. the beneficial consequences of people’s actions.
b. social forces that undermine a system’s equilibrium.
c. essential tools for symbolic interactionists to study.
d. the structure of social institutions.
e. networks of organizations.

Answer 41

a. the beneficial consequences of people’s actions.

Question 42

Symbolic interactionists primarily utilize which of the following levels of analysis?

a. Microlevel analysis
b. Macrolevel analysis
c. Transactional analysis
d. Random sample analysis
e. Multivariate analysis

Answer 42

a. Microlevel analysis

Question 43

Conflict theorists in the Marxist tradition assert that

a. gender stratification results from public ownership of the means of production.
b. in patriarchal societies, women control property and the distribution of goods.
c. marriage serves to enforce male dominance.
d. men’s ability to use physical power to control women increases in industrial societies.
e. traditional gender roles meet important needs of the family as a social institution.

Answer 43

c. marriage serves to enforce male dominance.