CLEP - More Vocab

Question 1

Control

Answer 1

Technique of differentiating between factors that may or may not influence the relationship between variables

Question 2

Observation

Answer 2

Technique that provides firsthand experience of real situations

Question 3

Agents of Socialization

Answer 3

• family
• school
• peer groups
• mass media

Question 4

Statuses

Answer 4

Position in a society or in a group

Question 5

Roles

Answer 5

Behavior of a person occupying a particular position

Question 6

Groups

Answer 6

A number of people interacting with one another in ways that form a pattern & who are united by the feeling of being bound together & by a “consciousness of kind”

Question 7

Institutions

Answer 7

Organized systems of social relationships that emerge in response to the basic problems or needs of every society

Question 8

Interaction processes

Answer 8

The ways role partners agree on goals, negotiate reaching them, & distribute resources

Question 9

Instrumental leader

Answer 9

Task-oriented leaders who organize the group in the pursuit of its goals

Question 10

Expressive leaders

Answer 10

Social-emotional leaders who achieve harmony & solidarity among group members by offering emotional support

Question 11

2 well-known criticisms of bureaucracy expressed in Parkinson’s Law

Answer 11

1. Peter Principle

2. Iron Law of Oligarchy

Question 12

Social control

Answer 12

Series of measures that serve as a general guarantee of people conforming to norms

Question 13

Negative sanctions

Answer 13

Indicate that social control has failed & that deviance has occurred

Question 14

Major function of deviance

Answer 14

To reassure people that the system of social control is working effectively

Question 15

Deviance serves several functions

Answer 15

• to unify the group

- as a safety valve

Question 16

Social control techniques

Answer 16

• persuasion
• teaching
• force

Question 17

Social control techniques can be

Answer 17

• planned
• unplanned
• informal (involving the approval or disapproval of significant others)
• formal (involving those in positions responsible for enforcing norms)

Question 18

2 types of families

Answer 18

• family of orientation

- family of procreation

Question 19

Economic order

Answer 19

Institutionalized organizational system of norms & behavioral patterns thru which goods & services are produced, distributed & consumed

Question 20

Economic life

Answer 20

Includes the work we do, what type of economic organization we belong to, why we do it. & the measure of success attained as shown by wealth, property, income, & occupation itself

Question 21

Traditionalism

Answer 21

Represents the type of economic motivation that sanctifies the past by preserving a certain practice bc it has always been that way

Question 22

Economic rationality

Answer 22

Represents the type of economic motivation that embraces change & development, such as in the method of production

Question 23

3 types of authority

Answer 23

• traditional
• rational-legal
• charismatic

Question 24

Distribution systems

Answer 24

• barter system

- free-market system

Question 25

Political order

Answer 25

Institutionalized system of organization & behavioral patterns thru which power is legitimately acquired & exercised

Question 26

Power elite

Answer 26

Consists of military leaders, politicians, & business leaders who are responsible to no one but themselves

Question 27

System of stratification

Answer 27

Refers to the institutions & ideas that permit or limit the distribution of prestige, status,& opportunities in life

Question 28

Sexist ideology

Answer 28

A belief system assuming that innate characteristics translate into one gender being superior to another

Question 29

Age stratification

Answer 29

The ways in which people are differently treated depending on their age

Question 30

Inequality

Answer 30

The unequal distribution of social rewards

Question 31

Crowd

Answer 31

Relatively large number of people in close proximity to one another, reacting at once to a common interest or focus

Question 32

Public

Answer 32

Represents those people in a population with a general interest in & opinion about an issue of concern to them

Question 33

Public opinion

Answer 33

Refers to the actual opinions people have about a given issue

Question 34

Propaganda

Answer 34

Refers to those attempts to affect & change what the public sees & how the public perceives an issue

Question 35

Social movement

Answer 35

Constituted by a set of beliefs, opinions, interests, & practices generally favoring institutional change of a particular or more general sort

Question 36

Social movement organization

Answer 36

Formal organizations that are specifically created for the purpose of channeling either dissatisfaction & discontent into change, or satisfaction & contentment into conservation of tradition

Question 37

Informal sanction

Answer 37

Direct social pressure from those around us to conform

Question 38

Organic solidarity

Answer 38

term Durkheim used to describe the bonds that unite members of industrialized nations

Question 39

Mechanical solidarity

Answer 39

Durkheim’s term for social bonds that are based on shared moral sentiments. Usually these types of bonds were found among people living in pre-industrial societies.

Question 40

Hawthorne effect

Answer 40

The mere presence of a researcher affects the subject’s behavior; Elton May identified