CLEP - Sociology 7-8

Question 1

Association

Answer 1

A type of relationship formed on the basis of an accommodation of interests or on the basis of an agreement

Question 2

Communal relationship

Answer 2

A relationship that is formed on the basis of a subjective feeling of the parties “that they belong together,” whether the feeling is personal or is linked with tradition.

Question 3

Aggregate

Answer 3

A number of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.

Question 4

Social category

Answer 4

A number of people with certain characteristics in common.

Question 5

Social group

Answer 5

A collection of people interacting with one another in an orderly fashion.

Question 6

Primary group

Answer 6

A grouping of individuals with whom an interaction is direct, the common bonds are close & intimate, & the relationships among members is warm, intimate, & personal.

Question 7

Secondary group

Answer 7

A grouping of individuals with whom the interaction is anonymous, the bonds are impersonal, & the duration of time of the group is short & where the relationships involve few emotional ties.

Question 8

Gemeinschaft

Answer 8

Term used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe small communities characterized by tradition & united by the belief in common ancestry or by geographic proximity in relationships largely of the primary group sort.

Question 9

Gesellschaft

Answer 9

Term used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe contractual relationships of a voluntary nature of limited duration & quality, based on rational self-interest & formed for the explicit purpose of achieving a particular goal.

Question 10

Dyad

Answer 10

The social relationship of two people in which either member’s departure destroys the group; George Simmel

Question 11

Triad

Answer 11

The addition of a third person to a social relationship, one who sometimes serves as a mediator or nonpartisan party; George Simmel

Question 12

Interaction process analysis

Answer 12

A technique developed by Robert Bales of observing & immediately classifying in predetermined ways the ongoing activity in small groups.

Question 13

Sociometry

Answer 13

A technique developed by J.L. Moreno focused on establishing the direction of the interaction in small groups.

Question 14

In-groups

Answer 14

Those groups toward which a person feels he or she belongs.

Question 15

Out-groups

Answer 15

Those groups toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition.

Question 16

Reference groups

Answer 16

Social groups that provide the standards in terms of which we evaluate ourselves.

Question 17

Group conformity

Answer 17

Individuals’compliance with group goals, in spite of the fact that group goals may be in conflict with individual goals.

Question 18

Groupthink

Answer 18

A phenomenon that occurs when group members begin to think similarly & conform to one another’s views.

Question 19

Organization

Answer 19

A specific type of social relationship or arrangement between persons that is either closed to outsiders or that limits their admission.

Question 20

Formal organization

Answer 20

A type of group or structural pattern within which behavior is carried out in a society; characterized by 1) formality, 2) a hierarchy of ranked positions, 3) large size, 4) a rather complex division of labor, and 5) continuity beyond its membership.

Question 21

Bureaucracy

Answer 21

A rationally designed organizational model whose goal it is to perform complex tasks as efficiently as possible.

Question 22

Characteristic institution

Answer 22

The basic organization of society; in prehistoric times, the kin, clan, or sib; in modern times, particularly in the West, a bureaucracy.

Question 23

Parkinson’s Law

Answer 23

Belief that in any bureaucratic organization, “work expands to fill the time available for its completion”.

Question 24

Peter Principle

Answer 24

Belief that “in any hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence”.

Question 25

Iron Law of Oligarchy

Answer 25

Belief of Robert Michels that a small number of specialists generally hold sway over any organization.

Question 26

Deviance

Answer 26

Departure from a norm

Question 27

Stigma

Answer 27

The mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from other members of society who regard themselves as “normal”

Question 28

Primary deviance

Answer 28

Behavior violating a norm

Question 29

Secondary deviance

Answer 29

The behavior that results from the social response to a deviant behavior

Question 30

Group

Answer 30

An assembly of people or things