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Endocrinology > Thyroid Physiology & Pathology > Flashcards

Thyroid Physiology & Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the thyroid composed of?

A

follicles

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2
Q

colloid

A

tyrosine containing thyroglobulin filled spheres enclosed by follicular cells

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3
Q

parafollicular C cells

A

secrete calcitonin

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4
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

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5
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

major biologically active thyroid hormone

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6
Q

which is more potent, T3 or T4?

A

T3

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7
Q

how is T3 created?

A

T4 converted to T3 by liver & kidney

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8
Q

what makes T3 & T4 able to bind plasma proteins?

A

hydrophobic/lipophillic

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9
Q

is the bound or unbound form of T3 & T4 biologically active?

A

unbound

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10
Q

what do thyroid hormones do to basal metabolic rate?

A

increase

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11
Q

what do thyroid hormones do to thermogenesis?

A

increase

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12
Q

what do thyroid hormones do to blood glucose?

A

increase due to stimulation of glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

what do thyroid hormones do to insulin dependent glucose uptake into cells?

A

increase

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14
Q

what do thyroid hormones do to lipid metabolism?

A

mobilise fats from adipose tissue & increase fatty acid oxidation in tissues

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15
Q

what do thyroid hormones do to protein synthesis?

A

increase

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16
Q

the production & secretion of which hormone requires thyroid hormones?

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

glucocorticoid-induced GHRH release

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17
Q

which hormones require the presence of thyroid hormone for activity?

A

GH/somatomedins

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18
Q

how do thyroid hormones affect the development of foetal & neonatal brain?

A

myelinogenesis & axonal growth require thyroid hormones

19
Q

what does stress do to TRH & TSH?

A

inhibits their release

20
Q

what rhythm of secretion do thyroid hormones exhibit?

A

circadian

21
Q

what does exposure to cold environments do to TRH release?

A

stimulates it

22
Q

what does TRH release stimulate?

A

TSH release

23
Q

what does TSH release increase?

A

T3 & T4 release from thyroid

24
Q

what can primary deficiency of thyroid hormones be associated with?

A

enlarged thyroid

25
Q

wat can secondary deficiency of thyroid hormones be due to?

A

TRH or TSH

26
Q

what is the other cause of deficiency of thyroid hormones?

A

lack of iodine in diet

27
Q

what is grave’s disease?

A

autoimmune hyperthyroidism

28
Q

what symptoms are common in Grave’s disease?

A

exopthalmos

goitre

29
Q

what is each follicle in the thyroid gland surrounded by?

A

flat to cuboidal follicular epithelial cells

30
Q

what’s at the centre of each follicle?

A

dense amorphsc pink material containing thyroglobulin

31
Q

C cells

A

parafollicular cells

32
Q

how are C cells arranged in the thyroid?

A

occasionally scattered

33
Q

what do C cells look like?

A

slightly larger cells with clearer cytoplasm

34
Q

what do the symptoms of hyperthyroidism occur as a result of?

A

excess of T3 & T4

35
Q

what’s the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

36
Q

what are the other causes of hyperthyroidism excluding Grave’s disease?

A

hyperfunctioning nodules
tumours
thyroiditis

37
Q

what are the triad of features of Grave’s disease?

A

Hyperthyroidism with diffuse enlargement of the thyroid
Eye changes (exophthalmos)
Pretibial myxoedema.

38
Q

what do the eye changes in Grave’s disease result from?

A

fibroblasts etc expressing TSH receptors

39
Q

what are the symptoms & signs of hypothyroidism dir to?

A

low levels of T3 & T4

40
Q

what are the majority of cases of hypothyroidism due to?

A

hashimoto’s thyroiditis

41
Q

what is hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

gradual failure of thyroid function due to auto-immune destruction of thyroid tissue

42
Q

what may hashimoto’s thyroiditis be preceded by?

A

transient hyperfunction (hashitoxicosis)

43
Q

goitre

A

any enlargement of the thyroid gland

44
Q

adenomas

A

Discrete solitary mass
Encapsulated by a surrounding collagen cuff
Composed of neoplastic thyroid follicles

Endocrinology (23 decks)

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