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Endocrine > Thyroid Physiology > Flashcards

Thyroid Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

thyroxine; tri-iodothyronine; calcitonin

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2
Q

What vertebral ring is the thyroid found at?

A

between C5 and T1

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3
Q

What tracheal rings is the thyroid found at?

A

2nd-4th tracheal rings

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4
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the thyroid?

A

superior, middle and inferior ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

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5
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the thyroid gland?

A

vagus nerve

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6
Q

What artery do the superior and inferior thyroid arteries branch from?

A

external carotid

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7
Q

What veins do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

internal jugular

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8
Q

What vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A

brachiocephalic

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9
Q

What ligament attaches the posteriomedial aspec of the thyroid gland?

A

Berry ligament

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10
Q

How are T3 and T4 exported from the colloid?

A

pinocytosis

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11
Q

What are the two units used in T3 and T4?

A

monoiodotyrosine and di-iodotyrosine

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12
Q

What is the coupling of units in T3?

A

MIT and DIT

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13
Q

What is the coupling of units in T4?

A

2 DITs

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14
Q

Where are T3 and T4 stored?

A

colloid thyroglobulin

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15
Q

What is the basic molecule from which T3 and T4 are synthesised?

A

thyroglobulin

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16
Q

What attaches to thyroglobulin?

A

iodine

17
Q

What drugs inhibit the attachment of iodine to thyroglobulin?

A

carbimazole and propylthiouracil

18
Q

What is the name of T4?

A

thyroxine

19
Q

What is the name of T3?

A

triiodothyronine

20
Q

What is the difference in potency between T3 and T4?

A

T3 is about 4 times more potent than T4

21
Q

How do T3 and T4 travel in the blood?

A

bound to plasma proteins

22
Q

What plasma proteins do T3 and T4 bind to?

A

thyroxine binding globulin; thyroxine binding prealbumin; albumin

23
Q

How do thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate?

A

increase number and size of mitochondria; increase oxygen use and rates of ATP hydrolysis and increase synthesis of respiratory chain enzymes

24
Q

What do thyroid hormones do in terms of body temperature?

A

increase thermogenesis

25
Q

How are thyroid hormones involved in the metabolism of food

A

stimulate glycogenolysis nad gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake; increase fatty acid oxidation in tissues; increse protein synthesis

26
Q

What effects does hypo and hyper thyroidism have on CNS actviity?

A

hypo- slow intellectual functions; hyper- nervousness; hyperkinesis and emotional lability

27
Q

What is the use of thyroids in foetal develpment?

A

myelinogensis and axonal growth require thyroid hormones

28
Q

what is the effect of thyroid hormones on the sympathetics?

A

increase responsiveness to adrenaline and sympathetic noradrenaline by increasing numbers of receptors

29
Q

What does this permissive sympathomimetic action ahve on the CVS?

A

increases force and rate of contraction

30
Q

What hormone released by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary?

A

thyrotrophin releasing hormone

31
Q

what hormone does the anterior pituitary release to stimulate T3 and T4 release?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

32
Q

What effect do T3 and T4 have on TRH and TSH

A

exert negative feedback control

33
Q

What enzymes are involved in the activati onand deactivation of thyroid hormone?

A

delodinase enzymes

34
Q

How do the delodinase enzymes work?

A

add or remoave an iodine atom from the outer ring

35
Q

what enzyme converts T4 to T3 in tissues?

A

D2

36
Q

Where is D2 found?

A

in the heart, SK, CNS, fat, thyroid, pituitary

37
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

decreased BMR; slow pulse rate; fatigue; lethargy; slow response times and mental sluggishness; cold-intolerance

38
Q

How does thryoid stimulating immunoglobulin work?

A

like TSH but is unchecked by T3 and T4

39
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

increased BMR; HR; nervousness and excessively emotional; insomnia; sweating and heat intolerance

Endocrine (27 decks)

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