Anatomy

Question 1

What is the diencephalon made up of?

Answer 1

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 2

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

Answer 2

midbrain; pons; medulla oblongata

Question 3

What connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Answer 3

infundibulum or pituitary stalk

Question 4

What is pituitary fossa lie within?

Answer 4

the sella turcica

Question 5

Where is the pituitary fossa?

Answer 5

a midline structure of the sphenoid bone

Question 6

Which part of the retina do things from the nasal side of the visual side enter?

Answer 6

temporal retina

Question 7

What lies immediately superior to the pituitary gland?

Answer 7

optic chaism

Question 8

What forms the optic chiasm?

Answer 8

right and left optic nerves (CNII)

Question 9

How do the signals from the eyes reach the visual cortex?

Answer 9

travel to the optic chaism, then that splits into right and left optic tracts, synapses at the thalamaus, pass via the optic radition to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Question 10

What is the difference between nasal retina and temporal retina transmission?

Answer 10

nasal retina APs cross over at the chiasma but temporal retina APs stay on the same side

Question 11

What is bitemporal hemianopia?

Answer 11

when a patient loses the ability to see structures in the temporal side of hte visual field bilaterally

Question 12

What bone are the superior and middle nasal concha made from?

Answer 12

ethmoid bone

Question 13

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 13

air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavities

Question 14

What type of epithelia line the paranasal sinsues?

Answer 14

muscous secreting respiratory muscosa

Question 15

Which bones have a sinus?

Answer 15

frontal bone; maxilla; ethmoid bone; sphenoid bone

Question 16

What is the function of the paranasal sinsues?

Answer 16

make muscous and drain it into the nasal cavities through ostia (bony drainage hole); reduce the weigth of the skull; add resonance to the voice

Question 17

what lines the entire cranial cavity internally?

Answer 17

dura mater

Question 18

What is the tenorium cerebelli?

Answer 18

a tough sheet of dura mater “tenting” over the cerebellum between the cerebellum and cerebrum within the posterior cranial fossa but with a central gap to permit the brainstem to pass through

Question 19

What is the diaphragm sellae?

Answer 19

a tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa

Question 20

What are the dural venous sinuses?

Answer 20

venous channels within the dura mater that drain most of hte venous blood from the cranial cavity (and brain) into the internal jugular veins

Question 21

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins?

Answer 21

at the jugular foraminae in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

Question 22

What venous drainage surrounds the pituitary gand?

Answer 22

cavernous and intercavernous sinuses

Question 23

What arteries pass through the cavernous sinuses?

Answer 23

internal carotid arteries

Question 24

What are the 3 parts of the thyroid gland?

Answer 24

2 lateral lobes and an isthmus

Question 25

Where does the isthmus lie?

Answer 25

anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea

Question 26

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 26

posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands lateral lobes

Question 27

What is the pyramidal lobe?

Answer 27

an extra lobe on the thyroid gland which most commonly originates fro mthe left lateral lobe

Question 28

What does the pyramidal lobe most commonly attach to superiorly?

Answer 28

thyroid cartilage

Question 29

Where does the thyroid gland begin its development

Answer 29

as a midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior and posterior parts of the tongue

Question 30

What is the area where the thyroid gland begin called in adults?

Answer 30

foramen caecum

Question 31

What attaches the thyroid gland to the tongue once it has migrated?

Answer 31

the thyroglossal duct

Question 32

When does the gland reac hits final position?

Answer 32

7th week of development

Question 33

What are the platysma muscles?

Answer 33

a muscle of facial expression

Question 34

Where are the platysma muscles found?

Answer 34

immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck

Question 35

What is the nerve supply to the platysma muscles?

Answer 35

facial nerve

Question 36

What is the most superficial deep fascia in the neck?

Answer 36

investing fascia

Question 37

What two muscles does the investing fascia enclose?

Answer 37

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Question 38

What does the prevertebral fascia enclose?

Answer 38

the cervical vertebrae and postural neck muscles

Question 39

What do the carotid sheaths enclose?

Answer 39

internal jugular vins; carotid arteries; vagus nerves; deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 40

What do the pretracheal fascia?

Answer 40

strap muscles; thyroid gland; trachea; oesophagus; recurrent laryngeal

Question 41

What is found between the pretracheal and prevertebral fascia?

Answer 41

retropharyngeal space

Question 42

What cranial nerve supplies the SCM and trapezius?

Answer 42

spinal accessory nerve

Question 43

What does the anterior jugular vein drain into?

Answer 43

the external jugular vein

Question 44

Where are the carotid sheaths foudn?

Answer 44

deep to the investing fascia and located anterolaterally in the neck either side of the thyroid gland

Question 45

What do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

Answer 45

the internal jugular veins

Question 46

What do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?

Answer 46

brachiocephalic veins

Question 47

What do the basillar arteries and internal carotids anastamsoe to form?

Answer 47

the circle of Willis

Question 48

What forms the basilar artery?

Answer 48

vertebral arteries

Question 49

What level is the thyroid gland foudn at?

Answer 49

C7

Question 50

Where does the spinal accessory run in the neck?

Answer 50

between the SCM and trapezius

Question 51

What are the two arteries that supply the thyroid gland?

Answer 51

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 52

What is the superior thyroid artery a branch of?

Answer 52

external carotid artery

Question 53

What is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of?

Answer 53

subclavian artery

Question 54

What are the tracheal lymph nodes?

Answer 54

pretracheal nodes and paratracheal nodes

Question 55

What forms the venous angles?

Answer 55

internal jugular and subclavian veins

Question 56

What foramen does the vagus nerve leave through?

Answer 56

the jugular foramen

Question 57

which part of the brain does the vagus nerve connect with?

Answer 57

medulla oblongata

Question 58

What branches do the vagus nerves give off?

Answer 58

superior laryngeal nerve and the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 59

Do the vagus nerves pass anterior or posterior to the lung roots?

Answer 59

posterior

Question 60

What does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur under?

Answer 60

the arch of the aorta

Question 61

What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur under?

Answer 61

the subclavian artery

Question 62

What are the 4 strap muscles?

Answer 62

sternohyoid; omohoid;thyrohyoid and sternothyroid

Question 63

What fascia are the strap muscles found within?

Answer 63

the pretracheal fascia

Question 64

What is unusual about the omohyoid muscle?

Answer 64

has 2 bellies- a superior and an inferior belly

Question 65

What splits the muscle into two bellies?

Answer 65

fascial sling attaching the intermediate tendon of omohyoid to the clavicle

Question 66

What forms the sides of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 66

midline of the neck; anterior aspect of the sternal head of the SCM and the inferior border of the mandible

Question 67

What forms the sides of the posterior triangle fo the neck?

Answer 67

the posterior border of clavicular head; the anterior border of the trapezius muscle and the superior border of the clavicle

Question 68

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve run?

Answer 68

the groove between the trachea anteriorly and oesophagus posteriorly

Question 69

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?

Answer 69

somatic motor to most of the skeletal muscles that move the vocal cord (intrinsic muscles of the larynx)

Question 70

What happens if there is unilateral injury to the reccurent laryngeal nerves?

Answer 70

hoarseness or weakness of the voice and a weak cough

Question 71

What does bilaterla injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

Answer 71

aphonia and inability to close the rima glottidis to prevent aspiration or to produce a good cough (which require the closure of the rima glottidis)

Question 72

Which strap muscles are deep?

Answer 72

thyrohyoid and sternothyroid

Question 73

What fissure and bone do the optic nerves travel in?

Answer 73

optic canal in the sphenoid bone

Question 74

What is the function of the anterior intercavernous sinus?

Answer 74

connect the right and left cavernous sinuses anterior to the pituitary gland

Question 75

Which arteries pass through the cavernous sinuses?

Answer 75

internal carotid arterteries

Question 76

What makes up the walls of the cavernous sinuses?

Answer 76

dura mater

Question 77

What nerves pass in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus from superior to inferior?

Answer 77

oculomotor; trochlear; trigeminal (opthalmic and maxillary divisions)

Question 78

What nerve traverses the sinus inferiorly to the ICA?

Answer 78

abducents nerve