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Anatomy > Thyroid/Parathyroid Gland > Flashcards

Thyroid/Parathyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

thyroid gland is located in ______

A

the front of the neck

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2
Q

thyroid gland is shaped like a _____

A

butterfly

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3
Q

the thyroid gland has two lobes connected by ______

A

a bridge of tissue

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4
Q

the thyroid gland has a high rate of _____ per gram of tissue

A

blood flow

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5
Q

the thyroid gland consists of multiple _____

A

follicles

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6
Q

each follicle in the thyroid gland is surrounded by a single layer of _____

A

polarized epithelial cells: thyrocytes

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7
Q

each follicle in the thyroid gland is filled with _____

A

colloid

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8
Q

colloid consists of ________

A

thyroglobulin

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9
Q

thyroglobulin is the precursor of ______

A

thyroid hormones

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10
Q

thyroglobulin provides _____ residues

A

tyrosine

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11
Q

thyroglobulin is synthesized in ______

A

thyrocytes

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12
Q

thyrocytes are enriched with _____

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

thyrocytes respond to ___

A

TSH

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14
Q

thyrocytes secrete thyroglobulin into colloid for ____

A

T3/T4 synthesis

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15
Q

_____ residues in thyroglobulin are precursors of thyroid hormones

A

tyrosine

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16
Q

_____ is an essential raw material for thyroid hormone synthesis

A

iodine

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17
Q

__ is the primary/ most abundant hormone secreted by the thyroid (medical use)

A

t4

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18
Q

__ has greater biological activity than t4, but lesser amounts

A

t3

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19
Q

___ is not biologically active, and there are lesser amounts of it

A

RT3

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20
Q

_____ is the enzyme that removes iodine group

A

deiodinase

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21
Q

_____ is the enzyme that converts tyrosine to thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3)

A

thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

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22
Q

dietary iodide is absorbed by ____ and enters the circulation

A

intestine

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23
Q

the principal organ that takes up the circulating I is the _____

A

thyroid; uses it to make thyroid hormones

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24
Q

circulating T3 and T4 are metabolized in _____

A

the liver and other tissues

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25
Q

excretion of thyroid hormones is predominantly in _____

A

urine; a small amount in stool

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26
Q

the thyroid secretes ____ in the form of T4>T3

A

80 ug/d

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27
Q

____ exchanges I to colloid area for Cl

A

pendrin

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28
Q

___ transports I and Na to thyrocytes

A

NIS (Na+/I- symporter)

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29
Q

a transporter called ___ releases thyroid hormones into the bloodstream to hit the target

A

MCT (monocarboxylate transporter)

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30
Q

thyroid hormone receptors are ____ receptors

A

nuclear

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31
Q

which cells in the body are targets for thyroid hormones

A

all

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32
Q

thyroid hormones stimulate ________, leading to increased concentrations of fatty acids in plasma

A

fat mobilization

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33
Q

thyroid hormones enhance ____ of fatty acids in many tissues

A

oxidation

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34
Q

thyroid hormones decrease plasma concentrations of _______

A

cholesterol and triglycerides

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35
Q

thyroid hormones stimulate almost all aspects of ______ metabolism

A

carbohydrate

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36
Q

thyroid hormones enhance _________ into cells

A

insulin-dependent entry of glucose

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37
Q

thyroid hormones increase _____ and _____ to generate free glucose

A

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

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38
Q

T3 and T4 are usually bound to _______

A

thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)

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39
Q

which deiodinase is highly concentrated in the liver, kidneys, thyroid, and pituitary

A

D1

40
Q

which deiodinase is highly concentrated in the brain, pituitary, and brown fat

A

D2

41
Q

which deiodinase is highly concentrated in the brain and reproductive tissues

A

D3

42
Q

thyroid function is regulated primarily by the circulating level of ___

A

TSH

43
Q

TSH is produced in _____

A

pituitary

44
Q

TSH production is inhibited by ____

A

negative feedback of free T4 and T3

45
Q

TSH secretion is regulated by ______

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TrH)

46
Q

TrH is produced in ______ dependent on whole body status

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

TSH increases _____ flow on the thyroid

A

blood

48
Q

TSH increases ____ uptake by regulating NIS

A

iodide

49
Q

TSH increases secretion of _____ into the colloid

A

thyroglobulin

50
Q

TSH increases synthesis of _____

A

T3/T4 (thyroid peroxidase, TPO)

51
Q

TSH increases ______ of colloid

A

endocytosis; increases releasing of T3 and T4

52
Q

whenever TSH stimulation is prolonged, the thyroid becomes ____

A

enlarged

53
Q

______ is inadequate production of thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

54
Q

_______ is overproduction of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyroidism

55
Q

the most common cause of hypothyroidism is ______

A

iodine deficiency

56
Q

6 causes of hypothyroidism

A

iodine deficiency, thyroid dysgenesis, inborn errors of synthesis, thyroiditis, thyroidectomy/radiation, hypopituitary

57
Q

_____ is inflammation of the thyroid gland

A

thyroiditis

58
Q

over 90% of goiter cases are caused by ______

A

iodine deficiency

59
Q

when insufficient T4 and T3 are produced due to no iodine, there is no inhibition on the hypothalamus-> anterior pituitary-> thyroid, causing the thyroid to grow forming _____

A

goiter

60
Q

_____ treats iodine deficiency

A

iodized salt

61
Q

goiter, fatigue, weakness, mental slowing, poor memory and concentration, depression, weight gain, feeling cold, hair loss, reproductive failure, plasma cholesterol increase, and growth/developmental issues are symptoms of _____

A

hypothyroidism

62
Q

______ is surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland

A

thyroidectomy

63
Q

thyroidectomy leading to hypothyroidism is treated by ______

A

hormone replacement: oral administration of synthetic thyroid hormone (T4) which mimics the physiological condition

64
Q

5 causes of hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease, thyroid adenoma, hyperpituitary, excess iodine consumption, taking too much T4 or thyroid tissue

65
Q

_____ is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

grave’s disease

66
Q

grave’s disease is more common in _____

A

females

67
Q

increased appetite, weight loss, muscle weakness, insomnia, fast heartbeat, poor tolerance of heat, excessive sweating, diarrhea, bulging eyes, goiter, hand tremor, and hair loss are symptoms of ____

A

hyperthyroidism

68
Q

the mechanism of graves disease is caused by high levels of _____ and a low ___ level

A

high levels of circulating thyroid hormones and a low TSH level

69
Q

graves disease causes the thyroid to be ___

A

enlarged

70
Q

graves disease causes _____ of the thyroid gland

A

hyperplasia

71
Q

3 ways to treat graves disease

A

antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, surgery

72
Q

antithyroid drugs suppress synthesis of T3/T4 by inhibiting ______

A

thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

73
Q

two antithyroid drugs are ____ and _____

A

propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MMI)

74
Q

radioiodine is highly selective because of pickup by ___

A

NIS

75
Q

methimazole targets ___

A

TPO (thyroid peroxidase)

76
Q

propylthiouracil targets ____

A

deiodinase

77
Q

____ can disturb the homeostasis of thyroid hormones

A

drugs

78
Q

there are ___ parathyroid glands

A

four

79
Q

each parathyroid gland is a ______

A

richly vascularized disk

80
Q

the two types of cells in parathyroid gland are ____ and ____

A

chief cells, oxyphil cells

81
Q

chief cells contain a dominant ______ plus endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules

A

golgi apparatus

82
Q

chief cells synthesize and secrete ______

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

83
Q

_____ cells are less abundant, larger, and have an unknown function

A

oxyphil

84
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a linear _______

A

polypeptide

85
Q

PTH increases plasma ___

A

Ca2+

86
Q

PTH decreases plasma _____

A

phosphate

87
Q

PTH increases _______ and mobilizes Ca2+, therefore increasing plasma Ca2+

A

bone resorption

88
Q

PTH increases reabsorption of Ca2+ in the _____

A

kidney

89
Q

PTH increases the formation of __________ which increases Ca2+ absorption from the intestine

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-OH2 D3)

90
Q

PTH increases ____ excretion in the kidney (decrease reabsorption)

A

phosphate

91
Q

calcitonin is a ___ lowering hormone (decreases plasma conc)

A

Ca2+

92
Q

calcitonin is produced by ______ cells of the thyroid gland

A

parafollicular cells (C cells)

93
Q

parathyroidectomy is an accident in thyroid surgery that causes _______

A

hypoparathyroidism; severe consequences)

94
Q

parathyroidectomy causes a decline in ______ because of low PTH

A

plasma Ca2+ level

95
Q

parathyroidectomy usually causes plasma phosphate levels to ____

A

rise

96
Q

symptoms of low plasma Ca2+ are _______

A

neuromuscular hyperexcitability

97
Q

four treatments for parathyroidectomy

A

calcium supplementation, vitamin D analogs, synthetic PTH, synthetic T4

Anatomy (6 decks)

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