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Anatomy > Adrenal > Flashcards

Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

which hormones come from the medulla

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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2
Q

which hormones come from the cortex

A

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

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3
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine belong to a group of monoamines called _______

A

catecholamines

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4
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized from the amino acids _________ and ______

A

phenylalanine and tyrosine

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5
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in the _______

A

adrenal medulla, also in the nervous system

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6
Q

medication use of epinephrine

A

anaphylaxis (acute allergy, bracelet + Anapen), cardiac arrest, superficial bleeding

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7
Q

effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

increasing alertness, increasing blood pressure, increasing blood flow to muscles, increasing blood sugar level, increasing metabolic rate

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8
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine act on ____ receptors

A

adrenergic

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9
Q

effects of epi and norepi on alpha1 adrenergic receptors

A

activates phospholipase C–> IP3 & DAG–> Ca2+—> smooth muscle contraction

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10
Q

effects of epi and norepi on alpha 2 adrenergic receptors

A

inhibits adenylyl-cyclase—> cAMP–> smooth muscle contraction, inhibition of neurotransmitter release

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11
Q

effects of epi and norepi on beta adrenergic receptors

A

activates adenylyl cyclase–> cAMP—–> heart muscle contraction, smooth muscle relaxation, glycogenolysis

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12
Q

secretion and metabolism of epi and norepi is low when

A

in basal states, and reduced even further during sleep

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13
Q

what triggers the release of epi and norepi

A

stresses processed in the CNS: physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, high or low temperature

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14
Q

how are epi and norepi terminated

A

they have a short half-life– reuptake into cells for metabolism, delivered to liver for metabolism

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15
Q

aldosterone is synthesized from ______

A

cholesterol

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16
Q

the reactions that synthesize aldosterone from cholesterol are _____ dependent

A

enzyme (CYPs)

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17
Q

aldosterone is produced within the _______ of adrenal cortex, because ___________ is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa, aldosterone synthase

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18
Q

aldosterone is one of the endogenous members of ________

A

mineralocorticoids

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19
Q

aldosterone promotes _____ retention

A

Na+ and water

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20
Q

aldosterone lowers plasma __ concentration

A

K+

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21
Q

aldosterone is part of the _____ system

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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22
Q

aldosterone helps regulate ______

A

blood pressure

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23
Q

aldosterone acts on both ____ and _____ receptors

A

mineralocorticoid, nuclear

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24
Q

what can cause secretion of aldosterone

A

blood loss, pregnancy, anxiety, endotoxin shock, burns, low sodium intakes, high plasma potassium

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25
Q

what acts on the adrenal glands to produce cortical hormones

A

ACTH

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26
Q

cortisol is synthesized from ______

A

cholesterol

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27
Q

the reactions that synthesize cortisol from cholesterol are ____ dependent

A

enzyme (CYP)

28
Q

cortisol is produced within the ______ of adrenal cortex

A

zona fasciculata

29
Q

cortisol is stimulated by ____

A

ACTH

30
Q

hypothalamus releases _____ to anterior pituitary

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

31
Q

anterior pituitary releases ____ to adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

32
Q

cortisol inhibits ____ and ____ through negative feedback

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

33
Q

cortisol is a response to ____

A

stress

34
Q

cortisol ____ blood sugar

A

increases

35
Q

cortisol increases blood sugar through _______

A

gluconeogenesis

36
Q

cortisol increases the mobilization of ______ from protein

A

amino acids

37
Q

cortisol increases the levels of free _______, which cells can use as an alternative to glucose to obtain energy

A

fatty acids

38
Q

cortisol responds to low _____ concentration

A

blood glucose

39
Q

cortisol decreases ____ formation

A

bone (osteoporosis)

40
Q

cortisol suppresses the ____ system

A

immune (slows down wound healing)

41
Q

medication use of cortisol

A

anti-inflammation, suppression of immune response, adrenocortical insufficiency, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, asthma and copd

42
Q

cortisol mechanism of action

A

cortisol–> glucocorticoid receptor (GR)—> many other nuclear receptors

43
Q

____ cloned glucocorticoid receptor (GR)

A

Dr. Ronald Evans

44
Q

androgens are synthesized from _______

A

cholesterol

45
Q

androgens are produced primarily from _____ and also in the adrenal glands

A

gonads (testes»ovaries)

46
Q

true or false: androgens are male sex hormones, females do not have them

A

FALSE: they are male sex hormones but females also have them at lower levels

47
Q

androgens bind to ____

A

androgen receptors (AR)

48
Q

testosterone is reduced by ____

A

5 alpha reductase

49
Q

what do androgens do in females

A

function in libido and sexual arousal, androgens are precursors to estrogens

50
Q

what do androgens do in males

A

regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics

51
Q

androgens general roles

A

growth, development, maintenance, decrease fat deposition, promote muscle enlargement

52
Q

5 things cortisol does

A

increase blood sugar, increase mobilization of amino acids from protein, increase levels of free fatty acids, suppress the immune system (slow down wound healing), decrease bone formation (osteoporosis)

53
Q

conn’s syndrome is caused by _____

A

aldosterone-producing adenomas (the zona glomerulosa produces excess aldosterone)

54
Q

conn’s syndrome causes _____ due to Na+ and water retention

A

high blood pressure

55
Q

conn’s syndrome causes _____ due to low blood potassium or high blood pressure

A

headaches

56
Q

conn’s syndrome causes _______ due to electrolyte imbalance

A

muscle cramps & weakness

57
Q

secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by ________

A

a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. a damage to corticotrophs in the pituitary —> ATCH deficiency–> lack of cortisol

58
Q

symptoms of secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

chronic: fatigue, weight loss, delayed growth and development, low blood sugar levels
acute: collapse, shock, vomiting

59
Q

______ disease is primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s

60
Q

Addison’s disease is characterized by a deficiency in both ______ and _____ production by the adrenal gland

A

glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid

61
Q

Addison’s disease is caused by _____ which produces antibodies against cells of the adrenal cortex, or caused by _____

A

autoimmune disease, infections such as tuberculosis

62
Q

symptom’s of Addison’s disease

A

generally come on slowly and may include weakness and weight loss. under certain circumstances, an adrenal crisis may occur

63
Q

what occurs during an adrenal crisis

A

low BP, vomiting, lower back pain, and loss of consciousness

64
Q

what triggers an adrenal crisis

A

stress, such as from an injury, surgery, or infection

65
Q

Addison’s disease also causes _____ of the skin

A

darkening/hyperpigmentation

66
Q

why does Addison’s disease cause hyperpigmentation/darkening of the skin

A

the pituitary produces more ATCH trying to make cortisol. MSH and ACTH share the same precursor POMC. MSH stimulates the production and release of melanin in melanocytes in skin.

Anatomy (6 decks)

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