Adrenal Flashcards
which hormones come from the medulla
epinephrine, norepinephrine
which hormones come from the cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
epinephrine and norepinephrine belong to a group of monoamines called _______
catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized from the amino acids _________ and ______
phenylalanine and tyrosine
epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in the _______
adrenal medulla, also in the nervous system
medication use of epinephrine
anaphylaxis (acute allergy, bracelet + Anapen), cardiac arrest, superficial bleeding
effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine
increasing alertness, increasing blood pressure, increasing blood flow to muscles, increasing blood sugar level, increasing metabolic rate
epinephrine and norepinephrine act on ____ receptors
adrenergic
effects of epi and norepi on alpha1 adrenergic receptors
activates phospholipase C–> IP3 & DAG–> Ca2+—> smooth muscle contraction
effects of epi and norepi on alpha 2 adrenergic receptors
inhibits adenylyl-cyclase—> cAMP–> smooth muscle contraction, inhibition of neurotransmitter release
effects of epi and norepi on beta adrenergic receptors
activates adenylyl cyclase–> cAMP—–> heart muscle contraction, smooth muscle relaxation, glycogenolysis
secretion and metabolism of epi and norepi is low when
in basal states, and reduced even further during sleep
what triggers the release of epi and norepi
stresses processed in the CNS: physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, high or low temperature
how are epi and norepi terminated
they have a short half-life– reuptake into cells for metabolism, delivered to liver for metabolism
aldosterone is synthesized from ______
cholesterol
the reactions that synthesize aldosterone from cholesterol are _____ dependent
enzyme (CYPs)
aldosterone is produced within the _______ of adrenal cortex, because ___________ is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland
zona glomerulosa, aldosterone synthase
aldosterone is one of the endogenous members of ________
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone promotes _____ retention
Na+ and water
aldosterone lowers plasma __ concentration
K+
aldosterone is part of the _____ system
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
aldosterone helps regulate ______
blood pressure
aldosterone acts on both ____ and _____ receptors
mineralocorticoid, nuclear
what can cause secretion of aldosterone
blood loss, pregnancy, anxiety, endotoxin shock, burns, low sodium intakes, high plasma potassium
what acts on the adrenal glands to produce cortical hormones
ACTH
cortisol is synthesized from ______
cholesterol
the reactions that synthesize cortisol from cholesterol are ____ dependent
enzyme (CYP)
cortisol is produced within the ______ of adrenal cortex
zona fasciculata
cortisol is stimulated by ____
ACTH
hypothalamus releases _____ to anterior pituitary
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
anterior pituitary releases ____ to adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
cortisol inhibits ____ and ____ through negative feedback
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
cortisol is a response to ____
stress
cortisol ____ blood sugar
increases
cortisol increases blood sugar through _______
gluconeogenesis
cortisol increases the mobilization of ______ from protein
amino acids
cortisol increases the levels of free _______, which cells can use as an alternative to glucose to obtain energy
fatty acids
cortisol responds to low _____ concentration
blood glucose
cortisol decreases ____ formation
bone (osteoporosis)
cortisol suppresses the ____ system
immune (slows down wound healing)
medication use of cortisol
anti-inflammation, suppression of immune response, adrenocortical insufficiency, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, asthma and copd
cortisol mechanism of action
cortisol–> glucocorticoid receptor (GR)—> many other nuclear receptors
____ cloned glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
Dr. Ronald Evans
androgens are synthesized from _______
cholesterol
androgens are produced primarily from _____ and also in the adrenal glands
gonads (testes»ovaries)
true or false: androgens are male sex hormones, females do not have them
FALSE: they are male sex hormones but females also have them at lower levels
androgens bind to ____
androgen receptors (AR)
testosterone is reduced by ____
5 alpha reductase
what do androgens do in females
function in libido and sexual arousal, androgens are precursors to estrogens
what do androgens do in males
regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics
androgens general roles
growth, development, maintenance, decrease fat deposition, promote muscle enlargement
5 things cortisol does
increase blood sugar, increase mobilization of amino acids from protein, increase levels of free fatty acids, suppress the immune system (slow down wound healing), decrease bone formation (osteoporosis)
conn’s syndrome is caused by _____
aldosterone-producing adenomas (the zona glomerulosa produces excess aldosterone)
conn’s syndrome causes _____ due to Na+ and water retention
high blood pressure
conn’s syndrome causes _____ due to low blood potassium or high blood pressure
headaches
conn’s syndrome causes _______ due to electrolyte imbalance
muscle cramps & weakness
secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by ________
a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. a damage to corticotrophs in the pituitary —> ATCH deficiency–> lack of cortisol
symptoms of secondary adrenal insufficiency
chronic: fatigue, weight loss, delayed growth and development, low blood sugar levels
acute: collapse, shock, vomiting
______ disease is primary adrenal insufficiency
Addison’s
Addison’s disease is characterized by a deficiency in both ______ and _____ production by the adrenal gland
glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid
Addison’s disease is caused by _____ which produces antibodies against cells of the adrenal cortex, or caused by _____
autoimmune disease, infections such as tuberculosis
symptom’s of Addison’s disease
generally come on slowly and may include weakness and weight loss. under certain circumstances, an adrenal crisis may occur
what occurs during an adrenal crisis
low BP, vomiting, lower back pain, and loss of consciousness
what triggers an adrenal crisis
stress, such as from an injury, surgery, or infection
Addison’s disease also causes _____ of the skin
darkening/hyperpigmentation
why does Addison’s disease cause hyperpigmentation/darkening of the skin
the pituitary produces more ATCH trying to make cortisol. MSH and ACTH share the same precursor POMC. MSH stimulates the production and release of melanin in melanocytes in skin.
