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Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

_____ glands secrete hormones directly into the blood

A

endocrine

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2
Q

the ____ gland lies in a pocket of the sphenoid bone at the base of the brain

A

pituitary

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3
Q

the _____ pituitary is made up largely of the endings of axons from the hypothalamus; and stores hormones from hypothalamus

A

posterior

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4
Q

the _____ pituitary contains endocrine cells that synthesize and store hormones

A

anterior

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5
Q

lactotrophs produce ______

A

prolactin

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6
Q

corticotrophs produce ____

A

POMC: ACTH, B-LPH, a-MSH, B-endorphin

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7
Q

thyrotrophs produce

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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8
Q

somatotrophs produce

A

growth hormopne

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9
Q

the hormones synthesized by anterior pituitary are _______

A

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, Prolactin

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10
Q

the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary are

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

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11
Q

oxytocin is a _____ hormone

A

peptide

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12
Q

oxytocin is produced in the ______

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

oxytocin is stored and released from ______

A

posterior pituitary

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14
Q

oxytocin plays a role in ________

A

childbirth, milk ejection, social bonding, sexual reproduction

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15
Q

oxytocin medication facilitates ____

A

childbirth

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16
Q

vasopressin is a _____ hormone

A

peptide

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17
Q

vasopressin is also called ______

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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18
Q

vasopressin is synthesized in ______

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

vasopressin is stored and released from ________

A

posterior pituitary

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20
Q

vasopressin increases ______

A

water reabsorption

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21
Q

vasopressin causes _______

A

vasoconstriction

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22
Q

prolactin is a ____ hormone

A

peptide

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23
Q

prolactin is produced mainly in the ____ pituitary

A

anterior

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24
Q

prolactin stimulates the _____ glands to produce _____

A

mammary, milk

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25
Q

prolactin teams with _______

A

oxytocin

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26
Q

TSH is a ____ hormone

A

peptide

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27
Q

TSH is produced mainly in the _______

A

anterior pituitary

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28
Q

TSH stimulates the _____ gland to produce T4 and T3, involved in growth and development

A

thyroid

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29
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a ____ hormone

A

peptide

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30
Q

FSH is produced mainly in the _______

A

anterior pituitary

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31
Q

FSH regulates ______

A

development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes

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32
Q

FSH works together with ______ in the reproductive system

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

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33
Q

LH is a ____ hormone

A

peptide

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34
Q

LH is produced mainly in the ______

A

anterior pituitary

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35
Q

in females, LH plays a role in ______

A

ovulation, maintaining of corpus luteum and secretion of estrogen and progesterone

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36
Q

in males, LH plays a role in _______

A

testosterone secretion

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37
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a _____ hormone

A

peptide

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38
Q

ACTH is produced and secreted by the _________

A

anterior pituitary

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39
Q

ACTH regulates the production and release of _______ in adrenal gland

A

cortisol

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40
Q

ACTH is produced in response to _________

A

biological stress

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41
Q

ACTH is biosynthesized from __________

A

proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

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42
Q

proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a large ________ that is cleaved to form a family of hormones

A

precursor protein

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43
Q

in corticotropes of the anterior lobe, POMC is hydrolyzed to ______, ______, and _____

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), B-lipotropin (LPH), B-endorphin

44
Q

in the intermediate lobe cells, POMC is hydrolyzed to ______, ____, ____, and ______

A

corticotropin-like intermediate-lobe peptide (CLIP), y-LPH, B-endorphin, melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)

45
Q

______ functions as a precursor of smaller peptides, such as MSH and endorphins

A

lipotropin (LPH)

46
Q

_____ is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide; inhibits pain; affects mood and behavior

47
Q

______ stimulates the production and release of melanin in melanocytes in skin; protecting the skin from UV rays

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)

48
Q

MSH is a _____ hormone

49
Q

MSH is generated from _____ and ______

A

POMC, melanocytes in the skin

50
Q

MSH stimulates the production and release of _______ leading to darker skin and protecting the skin from UV rays

51
Q

______ is a synthetic peptide and analogue of a-MSH for treatment of phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP)

A

afamelanotide

52
Q

growth hormone is a ___ hormone

53
Q

growth hormone is produced mainly in the ______

A

anterior pituitary

54
Q

growth hormone promotes ____ biosynthesis

55
Q

growth hormone produces a positive ______ balance

A

nitrogen and phosphorus

56
Q

growth hormone causes a fall in _______

A

BUN and amino acid levels

57
Q

growth hormone causes increased ____ absorption in the GI

58
Q

growth hormone reduces _____ excretion in the kidneys

A

Na+ and K+

59
Q

growth hormone increases _____ output

A

hepatic glucose

60
Q

growth hormone exerts an ______ effect in muscle

A

anti-insulin

61
Q

growth hormone increases circulating free _____ which provides a ready source of energy for the tissues during hypoglycemia, fasting, and stressful stimuli

A

fatty acid

62
Q

GH increases the ability of the pancreas to respond to ________

A

insulinogenic stimuli (glucose)

63
Q

insulin promotes ____ biosynthesis which is an additional way GH promotes growth

64
Q

the effects of GH on growth depend on interaction between GH and _______

A

somatomedins

65
Q

somatomedins are ________ secreted by the liver and other tissues

A

polypeptide growth factors

66
Q

the principal circulating somatomedins are _______ and _______

A

insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)

67
Q

production of IGF is stimulated by __

68
Q

production of IGF can be retarded by ______

A

undernutrition

69
Q

who has the highest levels of GH

A

adolescents>children>adults>elders

70
Q

bursts of GH secretion occur during _____ and _______

A

sleep, exercise

71
Q

_____ and _____ are GH-stimulating

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Ghrelin

72
Q

______ inhibits GH release

A

somatostatin

73
Q

GHRH is from the _____

A

hypothalamus

74
Q

somatostatin is from the ____ and _____

A

hypothalamus and pancreas

75
Q

ghrelin is from the ____ and ______

A

stomach, hypothalamus

76
Q

three things that regulate GH secretion: _____, ______, ______

A

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin, ghrelin

77
Q

______ is a condition due to the hypersecretion of pituitary hormones

A

hyperpituitarism

78
Q

hyperpituitarism is caused by _____

A

a pituitary adenoma (tumor), usually in the anterior lobe

79
Q

most pituitary adenomas are _____

A

monoclonal (origin from a single cell)

80
Q

four most common types of pituitary adenomas causing hyperpituitarism

A

prolactinoma, corticotropinoma (cushing’s disease), somatotropinoma (gigantism), thyrotropinoma

81
Q

the most common type of functioning pituitary tumor is ______

A

prolactinoma

82
Q

symptoms of prolactinoma

A

excess prolactin related (unexplained milk production, increase in male breast size), pressure of the tumor on surrounding tissues (nausea, vomiting)

83
Q

diagnosis of prolactinoma

A

symptoms, measurement of serum prolactin, head CT or MRI scan

84
Q

treatment for prolactinoma

A

dopamine agonist (shrink the tumor and return prolactin levels to normal, side effects) or surgery (medical therapy fails or cannot be tolerated, or tumor is too big causing pressure on surrounding tissues

85
Q

________ causes increased production of adrenocorticotropic hormone, and over-production of cortisol

A

corticotropinoma

86
Q

__% of endogenous cushing’s syndrome are caused by corticotropinoma

87
Q

symptoms of cushing’s

A

moon face, buffalo hump, dark facial hair in women, osteoporosis, cardiac hypertrophy, obesity, abdominal striae, amenorrhea in women, muscle wasting in extremities, skin ulcers (poor wound healing)

88
Q

diagnosis of cushing’s disease

A

symptoms, measurement of serum ACTH and cortisol, head CT or MRI scan

89
Q

________ causes overproduction of TSH and thyroid hormones T4/T3

A

thyrotropinoma

90
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

increased appetite, weight loss, muscle weakness, eye problems (bulging)

91
Q

_____ causes overproduction of GH and over-growth

A

somatotropinoma

92
Q

______ is decreased secretion of one or more of the eight pituitary hormones

A

hypopituitarism

93
Q

causes of hypopituitarism

A

tumors, infection & inflammation, insufficient development (hypoplasia), vascular, radiation, physical causes

94
Q

deficiency of __ and ___ causes delayed development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes

95
Q

deficiency of __ causes growth retardation (children) and decrease in muscle mass (adults)

96
Q

deficiency of ____ causes adrenal insufficiency, and lack of cortisol

97
Q

symptoms of ACTH deficiency

A

chronic: fatigue, weight loss, delayed growth & development, low blood sugar levels
acute: collapse, shock, vomiting

98
Q

deficiency of ___ leads to lack of T4/T3 and hypothyroidism

99
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

A

tiredness, intolerance to cold, weight gain, slowed HR, low BP, delayed growth in children

100
Q

deficiency of ___ leads to inability to concentrate the urine, polyuria (production of large amounts of urine), dehydration, extreme thirst and constant need to drink (polydipsia)

101
Q

_________ is decreased secretion of most or all pituitary hormones

A

panhypopituitarism

102
Q

_____ treats adrenal insufficiency

A

hydrocortisone (cortisol)

103
Q

_____ treats hypothyroidism

A

levothyroxine

104
Q

_____ treats male hypogonadism

A

testosterone

105
Q

____ treats female hypogonadism

106
Q

_____ treats dwarfism at an early age

A

growth hormone

Anatomy (6 decks)

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