Thyroid, Parathyroid and Neck Flashcards
Benign solid tumor of the parathyroid gland that secretes parathyroid hormone. Solid tumor of the thyroid gland
Adenoma
Enlargement of the glands
Adenopathy
A loss of differentiation of cell that is a characteristic of tumor tissue and occurs in most malignant tumors
anaplasia
Enlargement of lymph nodes
cervical adenopathy
Seen on a nuclear medicine study as a region of thyroid where the radioisotope has not been taken up; the area may correspond to a palpable mass
Cold nodule (photon-deficient area)
The thyroid gland is producing the right amount of thyroid hormone is referred to as
euthyroid
Invasive procedure using a small gauge needle to obtain a tissue specimen from a specific lesion
fine-needle aspiration (FNA)
Focal or diffuse thyroid gland enlargement due to iodine deficiency; multiple nodules may be present
goiter
An autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by antibodies that continuously activate thyroid stimulating hormone receptors: It is characterized by enlarged tyhroid, protrusion of eyeballs (exophthalmos) , a rapid heartbeat, nervous excitability
Graves disease
Most common inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland; usually occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, often presents in patients with other autoimmune disorders that may be associated with the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue, and often accompanied by marked hyperemia
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Occurring at an abnormal place or upon the wrong part of the body
Heterotopic
Disorder associated with elevated serum calcium levels, usually caused by benign parathyroid adenoma
Hyperparathyroidism
Oversecretion of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
Low phosphate level that can be seen with hyperparathyroidism
hypophosphatasia
Underactive thyroid hormones
Hypothyroidism
Causing little pain or slow growing tumor
indolent
Thin band of thyroid tissue connecting the right and left lobes
isthmus
Wedged shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes
longus coli muscles
Tiny hyperechoic foci that may or may not shadow; sometimes present within a thyroid nodule
microcalcifications
Most common form of thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
Hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulate serum calcium and phosphorus
Parathyroid hormone
Oversecretion of parathyroid hormones
primary hyperparathyroidism
Large muscles located anterolateral to the thyroid
sternocleidomastoid muscles
Sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles located anterior to the the thyroid
strap muscles
Developmental fluid-filled spaces; congenital anomaly located anterior to the trachea extending from the base of the tongue to the isthmus of the thyroid
thyroglossal duct cyst
Increase in color doppler vascular flow in the thyroid
thyroid inferno
Inflammation of the thyroid
thyroiditis
Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyoinine
thyroid stimulating hormone
The thyroid and parathyroid both have what common functions
Both are endocrine glands
What is the main function of the thyroid gland?
regulation of basal metabolic rate
What is the most common functional disorder of the thyroid gland
hypothyroidism
How many parathyroid glands do most adults have?
four
What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
The mean length of the thyroid is:
40 to 60 mm
The mean AP diameter of the thyroid is
12 to 18 mm
The mean thickness of the isthmus is:
4 to 6 mm
What three hormones does the thyroid gland secrete
Triiodothyronine(T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin
What is needed to properly synthesize the thyroid hormones?
iodine
The common carotid artery and internal jugular vein form the __________ __________ border of the thyroid gland
posterior lateral
The echotexture of the normal thyroid gland is:
homogeneous
The thyroid gland is ____________ when compared to the adjacent musculature
hyperechoic
Congenital cyst of the neck that tend to midline:
thyroglossal duct cyst
Congenital cyst of the neck that tend to lie lateral to the carotid artery
brachial cleft cyst
Hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of free T3 and T4.
Throtoxicosis
The majority of patients with hyperthyroidism have ____________ disease
graves
The most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is
hashimoto thyroiditis
Papillary carcinoma most commonly occurs between the ages of
20 and 50
Papillary carcinoma is three times more common in
women
A definitive diagnosis of papillary carcinoma can be made by
Fine needle asperation (FNA)
The overall survival rate for papillary carcinoma is;
98%
The parathyroid glands are responsible for producing
parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormones regulate the concentration of
calcium and phosphorous
Dysphagia is described as;
difficulty swallowing
What is the medical term for bulging eyes?
Exophthalmos
What is another name for a cystic hygroma
Lymphangioma
A cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a
brachial cleft cyst
A normal lymph node will not measure greater than
10 mm
what sonographic findings are associated with a thyroid inferno?
Increased vascularity
Which abnormality is associated with sonographic findings of a thyroid inferno
Graves disease
The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as:
triiodothyronine
Which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?
common carotid artery
A thyroid isthmus that measures greater than ______________ is indicative of thyroid enlargement
10 mm
Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?
strap
What is the first branch of the external carotid artery/
superior thyroid
The superior extension of the thyroid isthmus is referred to as the
pyramidal lobe
Which hormone is most abundantly produced by the thyroid
thyroxine
Difficulty breathing
dyspnea
Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules seen on nuclear medicine study that are almost always benign
hot nodules
Elevated serum calcium
hypercalcemia
Pediatric neck mass that consist of lymphatic fluid secondary to the blockage of lymphatic channels; may also be referred to as cystic hygroma, may occur in other parts of the body where lymphatic tissue exist
lymphangioma
Clinical finding associated with Graves disease in which there is thickening of the skin and edema on the anterior legs
pretibial myxedema
A normal variant of the thyroid gland in which there is a superior extension of the isthmus
pyramidal lobe
Nuclear medicine study in which a radiopharmaceutical is used to examine the thyroid gland
scintigraphy
The surgical removal of the thyroid or part of the thyroid
thyroidectomy
The fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones
colloid
