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Abdomen II > Retroperitoneum and Lymphatic system Ch. 14 > Flashcards

Retroperitoneum and Lymphatic system Ch. 14 Flashcards

1
Q

A pocket of infection typically containing pus, blood, and degenerating tissue

A

Abscess

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2
Q

Enlargement of lymph nodes due to inflammation, primary neoplasia, or metastasis. Also called lymphadenopathy

A

Adenopathy

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3
Q

Fluid, such as blood, bile, or urine, that is forced out or leaks out of its normal vessel into the surrounding tissues or potential spaces

A

Extravasate

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4
Q

A thin sheet-like tissue that separates muscles

A

Fascia

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5
Q

A term used to describe the aorta and inferior vena cava together

A

Great vessels

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6
Q

An extravasated collection of blood localized within a potential space or tissues

A

hematoma

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7
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus; blood-borne virus that attacks T lymphocytes resulting in their destruction or impairment eventually leading to AIDS

A

HIV

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8
Q

Distortion or displacement of normal anatomy due to a mass, neoplasm, or fluid collection

A

Mass effect

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9
Q

The spread of cancer from the site at which it first arose to a distant site

A

Metastasis

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10
Q

Planes that are perpendicular or 90 degrees to each other

A

Orthogonal

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11
Q

A new growth of benign or malignant orgin

A

Primary neoplasm

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12
Q

An extravasated urine collection due to a tear of the urinary collecting system

A

Urinoma

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13
Q

Extravasated lymphatic fluid within the retroperitoneum

A

Lymphocele

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14
Q

Primary modality for evaluating the retroperitoneal cavity

A

CT

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15
Q

What lymph nodes are located surrounding the major blood vessels of the retroperitoneum?

A

Parietal lymph nodes

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16
Q

What lymph nodes are located along the small bowel and mesentery?

A

Lacteals

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17
Q

What is the most common primary malignancy of the retroperitneum?

A

Liposarcoma

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18
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a liposarcoma?

A

Extremely large, poorly marginated, complex retroperitoneal mass

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19
Q

What is the most common site for retroperitoneal infections?

A

Anterior pararenal space

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of posterior pararenal fluid collections?

A

Abscess or hemorrhage from aortic disease

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21
Q

The area that lies behind the peritoneal membrane is referred to as the

A

Retroperitoneum

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22
Q

The retroperitoneum lies between the pariteal peritoneum and anterior to the

A

Transverse facia

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23
Q

Lymph nodes are located 360 degrees around the great vessels. The nodes that lie posterior to the great vessels may displace the aorta and IVC ______________ when enlarged

A

Anteriorly

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24
Q

A fluid collection that may occur following lymph node dissection for cancer staging

A

Lymphocele

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25
Q

Retroperitoneal fluid collections include:

A

Abscess
Hematoma
Urinoma
Lymphocele

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26
Q

Fluid collections within the perirenal space are generally associated with ______________ abnormalties

A

Renal

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27
Q

An enlargement of lymph nodes due to an inflammatory process is called

A

Lymphadenitis

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28
Q

The second most common primary retroperitoneal malignancy is

A

Leiomyosarcoma

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29
Q

Malignant tumors tend to be ____________ and more ___________ than their benign counterparts.

A

Larger
Complex

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30
Q

Three major compartments of the retroperitoneum

A

Anterior pararenal space
perirenal or perinephric space
Posterior pararenal space

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31
Q

The anterior pararenal space is bordered anteriorly by the ________ ________ __________ and posteriorly by the ___________ __________ ____________.

A

posterior parietal peritoneum
anterior perirenal fascia

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32
Q

The perirenal space is bordered anteriorly by the __________ __________ __________ and posteriorly by the _________ ___________ ___________.

A

anterior renal fascia
posterior renal fascia

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33
Q

The posterior renal space lies between the _________ __________ ___________ and the ___________ ____________ .

A

posterior renal fascia
transversalis fascia

34
Q

Solid masses found in the retroperitoneum are usually __________ and most frequently involve the _________ ___________.

A

Metastatic
Lymph nodes

35
Q

On color or power doppler, lymphadenitis demonstrates

A

hyperemia

36
Q

Primary malignant nodes tend to become more ___________ to ___________ and round shaped with a length to width ratio of less than two

A

hypoechoic
anechoic

37
Q

_______________ is a very common finding in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Lymphadenopathy

38
Q

Chronic inflammatory process that results in fibrous tissue proliferation affecting and encasing the great vessels, ureters and lymphatics of the retroperitoneum

A

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

39
Q

Primary malignancies of the retroperitoneum include

A

Liposarcoma
leinmyosarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
myxosarcoma
fibrosarcoma

40
Q

Most common primary malignancy of the retroperitoneum, representing 95% of all fatty retroperitoneal tumors

A

Liposarcoma

41
Q

Most common site for retroperitoneal infections

A

Anterior pararenal space

42
Q

Sonographically, enlarged lymph nodes typically appear as

A

oval to round shaped masses with a low to medium level echo pattern.

43
Q

Sonographically primary malignant nodes tend to be

A

more hypoechoic to anechoic , more round than oval in shape, asymmetric cortical widening and loss of normal fatty hilum

44
Q

A distortion or displacement of normal anatomy due to a mass, neoplasm or fluid collection

A

Mass effect

45
Q

Which retroperitoneal space contains no organs?

A

Posterior pararenal space

46
Q

What are lymph nodes that are found surrounding the major blood vessels of the retroperitoneum?

A

Parietal lymph nodes

47
Q

What are lymph nodes found along the small bowel and mesentery called?

A

Lacteals

48
Q

What is the most common cause of posterior pararenal fluid collections?

A

Abscess or hemorrhage from aortic disease

49
Q

Which retroperitoneal compartment would contain a pseudocyst?

A

Anterior pararenal space

50
Q

A fluid collection is seen surrounding the left kidney. What is the likely diagnosis of the fluid collection?

A

Urinoma

51
Q

What is the normal measurement for lymph nodes surrounding the great vessels

A

Less than 10 mm

52
Q

Which retroperitoneal compartment contains the psoas and quadrates lumborum muscles?

A

Posterior pararenal space

53
Q

Sonographic findings of retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

Large, hypoechoic mass surrounding the abdominal aorta

54
Q

Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph
Immune Surveillance

55
Q

What structures functions to filter lymph

A

Lymph nodes

56
Q

Lymphatic ____________ drain into the subclavian veins

A

Ducts

57
Q

What cell type has receptors on their surface that enables them to recognize nonself antigens

A

Lymphocytes

58
Q

Malignant smooth muscle tumors in uterus & GI tract

A

Leiomyosarcomas

59
Q

Dense, fibrous sheets of connective tissue extending from perirenal space to dome of bladder

A

Retroperitoneal Fibrosis (RPF) aka Ormond’s Disease or Inflammatory Aneurysm

60
Q

Best diagnostic tool for Cystic Masses / Retroperitoneal Fluid Collections is?

A

FNA

61
Q

Abscess presents with:

A

Leukocytosis
Fever
Point tenderness (depending on location)

62
Q

Urinoma is due to

A

Trauma
Obstruction
Renal Transplant

63
Q

Sonographic appearance of benign lymph node pathology is

A

Echogenic lymph node with fatty hilum

64
Q

Adenopathy is secondary to lymphoma is usually_________ in appearance

A

Sonolucent

65
Q

Adenopathy secondary to metastatic disease is usually ______________

A

Complex

66
Q

The fluid that enters the lymphatic plexus is referred to as

A

Lymph

67
Q

In the retroperitoneum , lymph nodes are usually divided into

A

deep abdominal (or parietal) lymph nodes
Superficial abdominal (or Visceral) lymph nodes

68
Q

Lymph nodes encircling the aorta or IVC or both are considered abnormal in size if they are greater than

A

> 10

69
Q

The anterior pararenal space contains portions of the

A

Digestive tract
The pancreas
Distal common bile duct

70
Q

The perirenal space contains the:

A

kidneys
adrenal glands
perinephric fat
aorta
IVC

71
Q

The posterior pararenal space contains

A

No organs, only fat

72
Q

Retroperitoneal infections most commonly occur in the _______________ _________________ space as a result of appendicitis, bowel inflammation, trauma or pancreatitis

A

Anterior pararenal

73
Q

Fluid collections in the _____________ ______________ are generally associated with renal abnormalites such as nephritis, ruptured renal artery aneurysm, or bleeding from a renal neoplasm

A

Perirenal space

74
Q

Fluid collections in the _____________ ____________ space are most commonly associated with aortic disease and may include hemorrhage from rupture or infection from surgical procedures

A

Posterior pararenal

75
Q

Which retroperitoneal compartment contains the pancreas, the ascending colon, and the descending colon?

A

Anterior Pararenal Space

76
Q

Which lymphatic nodes are located in the retroperitoneum?

A

Mesenteric

77
Q

What pathology describes the enlargement of lymph nodes caused by inflammation , primary neoplasia, or metastasis?

A

Lymphadenopathy(Adenopathy)

78
Q

Which echo pattern is usually seen with primary malignant nodes like those seen with lymphoma?

A

Round shaped, hypoechoic to anechoic

79
Q

What is the extent of the retroperitoneum?

A

From the diaphragm superiorly to the pelvic brim inferiorly

80
Q

What is the primary difference int he sonographic appearance between retroperitoneal firosis and para-aortic lymphadenopathy?

A

Renal fascia is less echogenic and ssmaller

Abdomen II (5 decks)

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