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Year 2 Sem 1 life Sciences > Thyroid and adrenal gland disorders > Flashcards

Thyroid and adrenal gland disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Explain where the thyroid and adrenal gland are located.

A
  • The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck. Inferior to the larynx. It is butterfly shaped
  • The adrenal gland is located on top of kidney. It consists of an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. Each section secretes different hormones
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2
Q

Explain the secretion of thyroid hormones gland hormones

A
  • The thyroid follicle cells synthesize the hormone thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)
  • T3and T4are released in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone produced by the anterior pituitary
  • Also produces calcitonin
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3
Q

Explain the biological functions of thyroid gland hormones, including how T3 and T4 are made:
• Thyroxine
• Tri- iodothyronine
• Calcitonin

A

How they are made:
Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body which can absorb iodine. These cells combine iodine and the amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4

  • T3 and T4: digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development, maintenance of bones and increase metabolic rate
  • Calcitonin is released in response to rising calcium ion concentrations in the blood. It reduces calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and calcium reabsorption in kidneys
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4
Q

List the adrenal gland hormones

A

Adrenal medulla:
• epinephrine
• norepinephrine

Adrenal cortex:
• glucocorticoids
• androgens
• mineralocorticoids (RAAS and Aldosterone)

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5
Q

Explain the biological functions of adrenal gland hormones

A

Adrenal medulla:
• Epinephrine: Increase heart rate, relaxes the smooth muscle and helps conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
• Norepinephrine: vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure

Adrenal cortex:
• Aldosterone and RAAS: increase reabsorption of water and ions

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6
Q

Describe the causes of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

A

Hypothyroidism
• Caused by a diet low in iodide or a failure of iodide uptake
• Cretinism: is known as congenital hypothyroidism. It leads to abnormal development
• Hashimoto disease: autoimmune disorder that causes hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism
• Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism. The immune system attacks thethyroid, causing it to make morethyroidhormone than the body needs

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7
Q

List signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
  • Myxoedema: excess production of water retaining mucoproteins
  • Fatigue, weakness
  • Cold intolerance
  • Hair loss
  • Depression
  • Muscle cramps and aches
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8
Q

List signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

• Thyroid stormis associated with untreated or undertreated hyperthyroidism. Duringthyroid storm, an individual’s heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature can soar to dangerously high levels. Without prompt treatment, the consequences are fatal

Signs and symptoms of Graves' disease: 
• Bulging eyes
• Increased behavioural excitability
• Tremor
• Weight loss
• Chronic tachycardia 
• Anxiety
• Insomnia
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9
Q

Detail how glucocorticoids secretions are regulated

A
  • Type of corticosteroid hormone that is very effective at reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system
  • It is regulated through the ‘hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal’ complex
  • The hypothalamus releases the ‘corticotrophin releasing hormone’. This activates the anterior pituitary gland.
  • The anterior pituitary gland then releases the ‘adrenocorticotropic hormone’ which stimulates the adrenal cortex
  • The adrenal cortex then releases cortisol
  • To stop this, the release of cortisol acts as a negative feedback mechanism as it stops the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus from further releasing their respective hormones
  • If cortisol release is not regulated, it can be detrimental to health
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10
Q

List the abnormalities associated with adrenal gland function

A

Cushing’s syndrome: occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time

Addison’s disease: occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough of steroid hormones

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11
Q

Describe signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A
  • Hypertension
  • Obesity
  • Muscle wasting
  • Acne
  • Fatty tissue deposits around the midsection and upper back
  • Moon face
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12
Q

Describe signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Weakness
  • Weight loss
  • Darkening skin
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13
Q 
Which thyroid disorder do these symptoms point to?
• Macroglossia
• Salivary gland enlargement 
• Glossitis
• Dysgeusia (distorted taste)
• Delayed eruption 
• Compromised periodontal health 
• Delayed bone resorption 
• Delayed wound healing
A

Hypothyroidism

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14
Q 
Which thyroid disorder do these symptoms point to?
• Increased susceptibility to caries
• Periodontal disease 
• Alveolar bone osteoporosis 
• Accelerated dental eruption
• Burning mouth syndrome
A

Hyperthyroidism

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15
Q

Which thyroid disorder do these symptoms point to?
• Candidiasis
• Hyperpigmentation :increased melanin of oral mucosa

A

Addison’s disease

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16
Q

Which thyroid disorder do these symptoms point to?
• Increased risk of infection
• Increased risk of oral candidiasis
• Hypertension, hyperglycaemia
• Delayed wound healing, increased capillary fragility

A

Cushing’s syndrome

17
Q

Identify the oral health considerations for Addison’s disease

A
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Minimize physical and psychological stresses
  • Provide morning appointment
Complications if patient is on cortisol
• Delayed wound healing 
• Increased capillary fragility, bruising 
• Alveolar bone loss 
• Increased risk of infection
18
Q

Discuss the dental considerations in the management of patients with Adrenal crisis

A
  • Adrenal crisis is when there is a lack of cortisol due to chronic exogenous steroid use
  • Can occur after surgery for a patient on corticosteroids and they have not increased their dose prior to the surgery
  • Medical emergency: dizziness, weakness, sweating, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness
19
Q

List the effects of glucocorticoids

A
  • Intermediary metabolism: Stimulate glucose production by mobilising amino acids and free fatty acids
  • Anti-inflammatory effects: topical corticosteroids, pain relief, intracanal medication
  • Immune suppression effects: promotion of infection, candidasis, delayed healing
  • Dermatologic effects: loss of dermal collagen, skin atrophy,
20
Q

What do low levels of thyroid stimulating hormone mean provided T4 and T3 are at normal levels?

A

Hyperthyroidism (provided other two are normal or high)

21
Q

What do high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone mean provided T4 and T3 are at normal levels?

A

Hypothyroidism

Because it indicates the pituitary gland is producing more TSH in an effort to stimulate the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone

22
Q

What do high levels of thyroxin mean?

A

Hyperthyroidism

23
Q

What do high levels of tri- iodothyronine mean?

A

Graves disease

Year 2 Sem 1 life Sciences (33 decks)

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