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Year 2 Sem 1 life Sciences > HIV and STI's > Flashcards

HIV and STI's Flashcards

1
Q

List the major bacterial STI’s

A
  • Gonorrhoea
  • Chlamydia
  • Syphilis
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2
Q

List the major viral STI’s

A
  • HIV
  • Herpes
  • HPV
  • HBV
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3
Q

List the major STIs in terms of prevalence in descending order

A
  • Trichomoniasis: 143 million
  • Chlamydia: 131 million
  • Gonorrhoea: 76 million
  • HIV: 36 million people
  • Syphilis: 6 million
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4
Q

List the clinical aspects of common STIs

A
  • Urethral discharge: males
  • Vaginal discharge: females
  • Genital ulcers
  • Lumps, rashes, scrotal swelling, lower abdominal pain
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5
Q

What are the common infective causes for urethral discharge?

A
  • Gonorrhoea
  • Chlamydia
  • Mycoplasma genitalium
  • Ureaplasma urealyctium
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6
Q

What are the common infective causes for vaginal discharge?

A
  • Candidiasis
  • Bacterial Vaginosis
  • Trichomoniasis
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7
Q

What are the common infective causes for genital ulceration?

A
  • Herpes simplex 1 and 2
  • Syphilis
  • Tropical STDs
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8
Q

State the cause, sites involved, clinical features, complications, diagnostic methods and treatment options for chlamydia.

A

Chlamydia
Causes
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Bacteria

Sites of infection
• Male urethra
• Cervix
• Anal canal
• Throat

Clinical features
• Discharge

Complications
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis)
• Reactive arthritis

Diagnostic methods
• PCR
• Culture

Treatment
• Azithromycin 1g single dose
OR
• Doxycycline 100mg for 7-10 days

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9
Q

State the cause, sites involved, clinical features, complications, diagnostic methods and treatment options for gonorrhoea.

A

Gonorrhoea
Causes:
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Bacteria

Sites of infection
• Male urethra
• Cervix
• Anal canal
• Throat

Clinical features
• Discharge
• Sore throat

Complications
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Epididymo - orchitis (inflammation of the epididymis and testes)
• Disseminated infection

Diagnostic methods
• PCR
• Gram stain and culture

Treatment
• Combination of 2 antibiotics
• Ceftriaxone 500mg + Azithromycin 1g

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10
Q

State the cause, clinical features, diagnostic methods and treatment options for syphilis.

A

Syphilis
Causes
• Treponema pallidum
• Bacteria

Clinical features
• Chancre
• Painful ulcers in secondary stage

Diagnostic methods
• Serology
• Dark field microscopy

Treatment
• Penicillin

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11
Q

Identify oral lesions associated with gonorrhoea and chlamydia

A

Gonorrhoea and Chlamydia
• Oral gonorrhoea and chlamydia are usually asymptomatic
• Patients who are symptomatic may present with multiple ulcers with a fiery red appearance and a white pseudomembrane

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12
Q

Identify oral lesions associated with HIV

A

HIV patients usually experience candidiasis which can have the following patterns:
• Thrush that can be scraped off
• Erythematous: smooth, red atrophic patches
• Hyperplastic leucoplakia: white plaques that cannot be wiped off
• Angular cheilitis

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13
Q

Identify oral lesions/ conditions associated with syphilis

A

Syphilis
• Primary syphilis: chancre a painless genital ulcer
• Secondary syphilis: painful rough, red or reddish brownpapules
• Congenital syphilis: Hutchinson’s teeth (widely spaced teeth that are smaller than normal)

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14
Q

Identify conditions associated with Herpes

A

Herpes simplex 1 usually causes cold sores

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15
Q

Outline how STI’s are managed

A
  • Facilitate presentation
  • Diagnosis should be quick & accurate
  • Appropriate treatment
  • Counselling / harm minimisation
  • Contact tracing
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16
Q

Outline how HPV is managed

A
  • Vaccines given to pre- adolescent girls and boys

* These vaccines can help prevent other genital tract and anal cancers

17
Q

Explain how HIV works

A
  • Is a virus that replicates itself within the bloodstream
  • The virus attaches to CD4 cells (helper T cells) and replicates itself by over taking cell machinery and integrating itself with the host DNA
  • During this process, the infected CD4 cells die, releasing the HIV to go infect more CD4 cells
  • The virus causes a drop in CD4 cell count
18
Q

Identify the modes of transmission with HIV, and what it isn’t transmitted by

A

Contact with infected bodily fluids through mucous membranes/ non intact skin
• Semen
• Vaginal secretions
• Blood

Low transmission:
• Oral sex, however it may occur only when there is a breach of the mucous membrane

Not transmitted by 
• Social contact 
• Aerosol spread 
• Faecal-oral route 
• Urine
19
Q

List HIV oral associated conditions

A
  • Periodontal infections
  • Candidiasis, erythematous
  • Herpes
  • HIV associated salivary gland disease
20
Q

List ways STI/HIV can be prevented or managed

A
  • Condoms
  • Fewer partners
  • Circumcision
  • Treating STIs: Pre and Post exposure prophylaxis
  • Treatment as Prevention
  • Easy availability of HIV/STIs testing
  • Needle & Syringe exchange
  • Secure blood supply
  • Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (MTCT)

Year 2 Sem 1 life Sciences (33 decks)

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