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endocrine (mine) > thyroid anatomy > Flashcards

thyroid anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where is the thyroid located

A

5th cervical to 1st thoracic vertebrae

2-4th tracheal rings

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2
Q

how big is the thyroid in adults

A

12-15mm

25-30g

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3
Q

when would the thyroid increase in size

A

pregnancy

menstruation

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4
Q

what is the parasympathetic nerve supply

A

vagus nerve

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5
Q

what is the sympathetic nerve supply

A

superior, middle, and inferior ganglia of sympathetic trunk

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6
Q

what is the arterial blood supply of the thyroid

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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7
Q

where do the superior and inferior thyroid arteries originate

A 
superior = branch of external carotid
inferior = subclavian
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8
Q

what is the venous blood supply of the thyroid

A

superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins

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9
Q

where do the superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins originate

A

superior & middle = internal jugular

inferior = brachiocephalic veins

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10
Q

how is the thyroid gland attached

A

posterior suspensory ligament (aka berry ligament)

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11
Q

what does the thyroid consist of

A

2 lateral lobes (L & R) and an isthmus

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12
Q

what is the isthmus

A

narrow connecting band within the thyroid

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13
Q

where do the lobes attach

A

cricoid cartilages and to the trachea

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14
Q

where is the isthmus located

A

the 2nd & 3rd cartilages of the trachea

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15
Q

a lump within the gland will do what on swallowing

A

move superiorly then inferiorly with the larynx

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16
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there

A

4

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17
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located

A

the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland’s lateral lobes

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18
Q

what is a pyramidal lobe

A

anatomical variant

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19
Q

where does a pyramidal lobe commonly originate from

A

left lateral lobe, may extend as far superiorly as the hyoid bone

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20
Q

where do most pyramidal lobes attach

A

superiorly to thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

where does the thyroid gland begin its development

A

as a midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds and the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue (aka foramen caecum in the adult)

22
Q

how does the thyroid migrate during development

A

migrates inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct

23
Q

when does the thyroid reach its final position during development

A

7th week of development

24
Q

where can Thyroglossal duct cysts or ectopic thyroid tissue be found

A

any position in the thyroid migratory path

25
Q

what is a platysma

A

A skeletal muscle in the superficial fascia, extending from the collar bone to the angle of the jaw.

26
Q

whats the innervation of the platysma muscles

A

CN VII (fascial nerve)

27
Q

what group of muscles does the platysma muscles belong to

A

muscles of facial expression

28
Q

how many fascial compartments are located within the neck

A

4

29
Q

what are the 4 neck fascial compartments

A

prevertebral (deep) fascia
investing fascia
carotid sheaths x2
pretracheal fascia

30
Q

where is the prevertebral (deep) fascia located

A

posteriorly within the neck (behind vertebra)

31
Q

what is located within the prevertebral (deep) fascia

A

postural neck muscles

cervical vertebrae

32
Q

what is the investing fascia

A

encloses ALL neck fascia

33
Q

what muscles are located within the investing fascia

A

trapezius

sternocleidomastoid

34
Q

where is the carotid sheaths located

A

anterolaterally (either side of the thyroid)

35
Q

what is located within each carotid sheaths

A

vagus nerve
deep cervical lymph nodes
carotid arteries (common then internal)
internal jugular vein

36
Q

where is pretracheal fascia located

A

anteriorly (around the thyroid)

37
Q

what is located within pretracheal fascia

A 
oesophagus
trachea
thyroid 
strap muscles
recurrent laryngeal nerves
38
Q

what are the carotid sheaths

A

bilateral “tubes”of deep fascia

39
Q

where do the carotid sheaths attach (superiorly and anteriorly)

A

superiorly = base of the skull (around the jugular foramen & the entrance to carotid canal)

inferiorly = blend with the mediastinal fascia

40
Q

what is the thyroid IMA artery

A

anatomical variant which lies centrally and supplies thyroid with material blood

41
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid

A

superior & inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

tracheal lymph nodes

42
Q

what are the tracheal lymph nodes that supply the thyroid

A

Pretracheal node

Paratracheal nodes

43
Q

where does the RIGHT lymph nodes of the thyroid originate

A

Right lymphatic duct
to the
Right venous angle

44
Q

where does the LEFT lymph nodes of the thyroid originate

A

Thoracic duct
to the
Left venous angle

45
Q

how many strap muscles are there

A

4

46
Q

name the 4 strap muscles

A

thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid

47
Q

what are the 4 surgical approaches to the thyroid gland

A

Classical thyroidectomy = open surgery
Endoscopically assisted thyroidectomy
Endoscopic trans-axillary approach
Endoscopic trans-breast approach

48
Q

describe a classical thyroidectomy incision

A

a “collar” incision just superior to the clavicles and jugular notch is made in a natural crease though skin and platysma

49
Q

what nerve may be damaged during thyroid surgery

A

recurrent laryngeal

50
Q

what does damage to the recurrent laryngeal result in

A

paralysis of vocal cords

51
Q

what symptoms would you expect from recurrent laryngeal damage (unilateral and bilateral)

A

unilateral = “hoarseness” or weakness of the voice and a weak cough

bilateral = aphonia and inability to close the rima glottidis resulting in an inability to to prevent aspiration or to produce a good cough

52
Q

what is aphonia

A

inability to produce sound

endocrine (mine) (12 decks)

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