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endocrine (mine) > parathyroid physiology + diseases > Flashcards

parathyroid physiology + diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are parathyroid composed of

A

chief cells

supported by oxyphil cells

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2
Q

what doe chief cells secrete

A

PTH

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3
Q

describe chief cells

A

round cells with a moderate cytoplasm and a bland, central nuclei.

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4
Q

describe oxyphil cells

A

slightly larger which acidophilic cytoplasm

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of hyperparathyroidism

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

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6
Q

what causes tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid activity become autonomous

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7
Q

what is tertiary hyperparathyroidism associated with

A

hypercalcaemia

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8
Q

what hormone levels would you expect in tertiary hyperparathyroidism (Ca and PTH)

A

high Ca

high PTH

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9
Q

what causes primary hyperparathyroidism, what is most common

A

small adenoma = most common
hyperplasia
carcinoma

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10
Q

what hormone levels would you expect in primary hyperparathyroidism (Ca and PTH)

A

high Ca

high PTH

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11
Q

what causes secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

renal failure
low ca intake
vit D deficiency

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12
Q

what hormone levels would you expect in secondary

hyperparathyroidism (Ca and PTH)

A

low Ca

high PTH

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13
Q

what is secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

physiological response to low Ca or it D

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14
Q

what is primary hyperparathyroidism

A

overactivity of the parathyroid gland

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15
Q

what is the investigation of hyperparathyroidism

A

sestamibi scan

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A 
bone disease
renal stones + complications
muscle weakness + fatigue
calcification of valves 
constipation
gall stones
pancreatitis
17
Q

what are the treatments of hyperparathyroidism

A

surgery

cinacalcet

18
Q

when is surgery indicated

A

end organ damage
very high calcium >2.85
under 50
eGFR <60

19
Q

what treatment would you give in hyperparathyroidism if they are unable to tolerate surgery

A

cinacalcet

20
Q

what is cinacalcet

A

calcium mimic

21
Q

what causes hypoparathyroidism

A

post-op
Di George syndrome
hypomanagnesaemia

22
Q

what are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism

A 
Tetany
  - Neuromuscular irritability 
  - Chvostek’s sign
  - Trousseau’s sign
Altered mental state
Calcification of lens and cataract formation 
Prolonged QT interval
Dental abnormalities if it occurs during development
23
Q

what is the treatment of hypoparathyroidism

A

calcium supplements

vit D supplements

24
Q

give examples of it D supplements

A

tablets
alphacalcidol
depot injections

25
Q

what causes pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

genetic defect in the Gs alpha subunit within GNAS1

26
Q

what hormone levels would you expect in pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

low Ca

high PTH

endocrine (mine) (12 decks)

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