Thyroid Flashcards
What is in the Graves triad?
Exopthalmos, thyroid acropachy and pretibial myxoedema
Causes of hyperthyroidism?
Graves (most common) (TSHRAbs)
Toxic multinodular goitre
Toxic adenoma
De Quervains thyroiditis = increased release
What are toxic multinodular goitre features?
Autonomously functioning thyroid that secretes excess
In Elderly and iodine deficient areas
Features of De Quervains thyroiditis?
Post-viral infection, transient hyper->hypo->Euthyroid
Painful goitre, fever and raised ESR
Hyperthyroid investigations?
Thryoid exam and ECG
Bloods
Radioisotope scan for uptake
Thyroiditis management?
Usually self limiting, NSAIDS for thyroid pain and may require additional if very hyper/hypothyroid
Graves management?
Beta blockera
Anti-thyroid drugs e.g. cRBIMAZOLE OR PROPYLTHIOURACIL
rADIOIODINE THERAPY
tHYROIDECTOMY
Complications of hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid storm : fever, tachycardia, confusion and agitation, nausea and HTN
Management: 4Ps (propylthiouracil, poatssium iodine (lugols), propanolol, prenisolone (steroids)
Atrial fibrillation
Breakdown of thyroid cancer?
Papillary = 80% (young females and good prognosis) Follicular = 10% Medullary = 4% (carcinoma of parafollicular cells), secrete calcitonin and part of MEN 2a/b syndromes
Anaplastic = elderly women and not responsive to treatment. Compression = dysphagia and hoarsness Lymphoma = associated with Hashimotos thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer signs and symptoms?
palpable thryoid nodule, most are cold nodules. COmpression symptoms = hoarsness, dyspnoea and dysphagia and cervical lymphadenopathy
Investigations for thyroid cancer?
TSH, USS neck, FNA biopsy and laryngoscopy
What are the MEN 1 conditions?
Autosomnal dominant 3 P’s
Pituitary tumour (prolactinoma/GH) Parathyroid hyperplasia Pancreatic tumours (gastrinoma, insulinoma, zollinger-ellsion)
What are the MEN 2a conditions?
Mutation in RET
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Phaeochromocytoma (headaches, palpitations,sweating)
Medullary thyroid cancer (increased calcitonin)
What are the MEN2B conditions?
Phaeochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid cancer
Marfinoid habitus
Neuroma
Other tumour markers?
CEA for colon CA15-3 in Breast CA19-3 - pancreatic Calcitonin = medullary thyroid cancer Metenephrines = phaeochromocytoma 5-HIAA in carcinoid tumours alpha-fetoprotein is HCC
WHat is carcinoid syndrome?
Neuroendocrine tumours of the GIT or lungs which secrete serotonin and other vasoactive peptides
Signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome?
CARCinoid
Cutaneous flushing
Asthmatic wheeze
Right sided murmur
Cramps + diarrhoea
Palpitations, hypotension and telangiectasia
Investigations for Carcinoid syndrome?
24hr urine collection shows increased 5-HIAA levels (serotonin metabolite)
CT/MRI to localise the tumour
WHat does phaeochromocytoma show in urine?
Increased urinary metanephrones and catecholamines
Signs and symptoms of acromegaly?
Increased GH production secondary to pituitary adenoma.
I look different in photos, my rings and shoes dont fit, headaches.
SPade like hands, clubbed nailes, Carpal tunnels syndrome and high BP
Coarse facial features (bossing, prognathism, diaphoresis, pituitrary enlargmenet signs, macroglossia
Deep voice and sleep apnoea
Complications of acromegaly?
Diabetes, HTN, cardiomyopathy and colorectal cancer. Impaired gluocse tolerance
Ix for Acromegaly?
Serum IGF-1 (1st line)
ral glucose suppresion test
Pituitary MRI
Mx for acromegaly?
Surgery = trans-spenoidal hypophysectomy (1st line)
Medical if sugery unseccessful/inoperable
Medical = 1) somatostatin analogi=ue (octreotide)
2) GH receptor antagonist (pegvisomant)
3) Dopamine agonist (bromocriptine/cabergoline)
Radiotherapy
Hypogonadism Presentation in females?
Delayer puberty, amenorrhoea, infertility, decreased libido, night sweats, hot flushes and dysparenuia, symptoms of cause