Acute Resp Flashcards

1
Q

Features of T1RF?

A

Hypoxia from ventilation perfusion mismatch.

Focal

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2
Q

Features of T2RF?

A

Hypoxia and Hypercapnia

Global

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3
Q

T1RF causes?

A

Acute asthma, atalectasis, pulmonary oedema, pneumonia, pneumothorax, PE, ARDS

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4
Q

T1RF managment?

A

CPAP as increased airway recruitment (ventilation)

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5
Q

T2RF causes?

A

COPD!!

Acute severe asthma, upper airway obstructions, neuropathies e.g. GBS, MND, Drugs e.g. opiates

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6
Q

T2RF management?

A

BIPAP

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7
Q

What is normal intrapleural pressure?

A

-5 to -8cmH2O

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8
Q

types of pneumothorax?

A

Primary: young healthy and unlikely to have disease
Secondary: older, lung disease, smoking, CF patients

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9
Q

Management of primary pneumothorax?

A

> 2cm or SOB = Needle aspiration
If not discharge and observe
If not successful = chest drain
Succesful = Observation + O2

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10
Q

RFs for primary pneumothorax?

A

Men more than women, smoking, marfans or marinoid habitus

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11
Q

What are the features of Tension pneumothorax?

A

Lung compression = severe dyspnoea, tracheal deviation (away), silent chest, hyperresonance and reduced expansion on lesioned side

Mediastinal shift = hypotension and tachycardia

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12
Q

Where for needle aspiration?

A

2 ICS MCL

orange or grey

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13
Q

Secondary pneumothorax management?

A

> 2cm or SOB = chest drain

1-2cm = needle aspiration. If not successful then Chest drain

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14
Q

When to suspect acute massive PE?

A

Collapse, central crushing pain, severe dyspnoea

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15
Q

When to suspect acute submassive and small PE?

A

Pleuritic chest pain, haemoptysis and dyspnoea

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16
Q

When to suspect chronic PE?

A

Exertional dyspnoea

17
Q

What would PE show on ECG?

A

S1Q3T3 pattern
RAD
RBBB
Sinus tachycardia

18
Q

What can PE show on CXR?

A

Westermarks sign

19
Q

RFs for PE mneumonic?

A

CT S’il vous plait

20
Q

C for PE?

A

Cancer, chemo, cardiac failure, COPD, factor C deficiency

21
Q

T for PE?

A

Trauma, time (age), thrombocytosis

22
Q

S for PE?

A

Stasis, surgery, factor S deficiency

23
Q

V for PE?

A

Varicose veins, Virchows triad, Factor V leiden

24
Q

P for PE?

A

Pill (OCP), pregnancy, puerperium, previous VTE, polcythaemia, paraprotein deposition

25
VTE prevention technique?
``` Mechanical = anti-embolic stockings Pharamcological = LMWH ```
26
How to investigate PE?
Wells (4 is cut off for CTPA vs D-dimer) PE SCORE Previous DVT or PE Evidence of DVT ``` Stasis Cancer Opinion is PE Rate Raised >100 Exsanguination (haemoptysis ```
27
Stable Management for PE?
Haemodynamically stabble (SBP <90mmHg) Yes = Resp support and anticoaguation ( Fondaparinux/heparin for 5 days and warfarin for 3 months. Start DOAC)
28
Unstable Management for PE?
Resp support 1st line: thombolysis (alteplase or streptokinase) 2nd line: embolectomy
29
Description of ARDS?
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
30
ARDS causes?
Drugs, ventilation, nearly drowning, severe bruns, sepsis, pneumonia and transfusion reactions. COVID-19` Common in critically ill (ITU)
31
Pathology of ARDS?
Severe inflammation so alveolar oedema so alveolar collapse
32
Berlin criteria for ARDS?
``` ARDS Alternative cause (cardiogenics pulmonary oedema) Rapid onset <1 week Dyspnoea Similar on CXR ```
33
Investigation for ARDS?
ABG, CXR/CT, ECHO, COVID SWAB