Adrenals Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the adrenal gland secrete what?

A

Zona glomerulosa = mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

Zone fasciculata = glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol

Zona reticularis = androgens e.g. DHEA

Medulla = adrenaline and noradrenaline

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2
Q

WHat is and causes of cushings syndrome?

A

Pathological manifestation of hypercortisolism

Exogenous steroids (most common)
Pituitary adneoma (disease = 85%)
Ectopic ACTH (Small cell lung cancer)
Adrenal tumour
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3
Q

What are the symptoms of cushings syndrome?

A

Centripetal obesity, facial rounding, proximal myopathy, thinning of skin = purple striae and metabolic compications e.g. DM, dyslipidaemia, metabolic bone disease and HTN

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4
Q

WHat are the Ix for cushings syndrome?

A

Low dose dexamethosone test (morning >50nanomol/L)

Midnight cortisol (to 
exclude cushings)

24hr urinary free cortisol
Plasma ACTH

Dexa shows if its present and then plasma ACTH low = adrenal tumour. If normal or high = pituitary or ectopic tumour

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5
Q

What is the Mx for cushings?

A

Stop the steroids

Remove the tumour

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6
Q

What are further investigations for cushings?

A

Pituitary vs ectopic ACTH?
= Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS)
Increased ACTH = pituitary adenoma. Normal = adenoma

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7
Q

WHat is and causes of adrenal insufficiency?

A

Clinical manifestation of hypocorticolism?

Primary = Addisons
Secondary = pituitary/hypothalamic involvement

Causes = TB (worldwide most common)
Autoiimune (in UK)
Hypopituitarism (tumour, surgery, radiotherapy, apoplexy, sheehans)

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8
Q

SS of adrenal insufficiency?

A
Fatigue adn weakness
anorexia
weight loss
postural hypotenson
salt craving
mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation

RFs = coexisting autoimmune condition, confirmed TB

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9
Q

Ix for adrenal insuffiency?

A

Bloods = U&Es, FBC
Decreased Na and increased K+ due to decreased aldosterone production

Morning serum cortisol

GOLD STANDARD = short synACTHen test

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10
Q

Mx for adrenal insufficiency?

A

Life long glucocorticoids and minerolcorticoids

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11
Q

What is primary hyperaldosteronism and causes?

A

Conns syndrome from an adenoma

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12
Q

What are symptoms of conns?

A

HTN in young person (usually refractory to treatment)

hypokalaemia (polyuria/polydipsia, muscle weakness and arrhythmia

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13
Q

Ix for Conns?

A

Potassium levels

Increased Plasma aldosterone:renin ration

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14
Q

Mx for conns?

A

Unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Spironolactone - aldosterone antagonist

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15
Q

WHat is a phaeochromocytoma?

A

Tumour arising from catecholamine-producing chromafing cells in the adrenal medulla

Associated with MEN-2 and von Hippel-Lindau disease

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16
Q

Presentations of phaeos?

A

Increased adrenaline

Increased HR = palpitations
Pallor - vasoconstriction of skin vasculature

Increased BP in young
Episodic increased BP
HEadaches
Tremor
Sweating
Anxiety (fight/flight)

Medical emergency as can cause MI and stroke or v.fib + death

17
Q

WHat tuours are related to von hippel-lindau syndrome?

A
Phaeos
Hamengioblastomas
Retinal angiomas
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma ccRCC
pancreatic neuroenocrine tumour
18
Q

Ix for phaeos?

A

1st = 24hour urine collection of catecholamines (= metanephrones, normetanephrones)

If clinical suspicion high = serum free metanephrines/normetanephrines

19
Q

Mx for phaeos?

A

Alpha blocker -> beta blocker -> surgical excision

Alpha = phenoxybenzamine/doxasozin

beta = atenolol

20
Q

Phaeos 10 rules?

A

10% extra adrenal
10% malignant
10% bilateral
RARE

21
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia?

A

Reduced excretion = renal (CKD e.g. diabetic nephropathy/CKD), endocrine (RAAS), drugs (ACEi/ARBs)

Release from cells = rhabdomyolysis, acidosis

22
Q

ECG for hyperkalaemia?

A

Loss of p waves
Tall tented T waves
Widened QRS complex

23
Q

Mx for hyperkalaemia?

A

10mls 10% calcium gluconate
50mls 50% dextrose + 10 units short acting insulin (actrapid)
Salbutamol as adjunct

treat cause

24
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia?

A

Renal e.g. renal tubular acidosis, diuretics, elevated mineralocorticoids (CONNS), elevated cortisol

GI = vomiting, villous adenoma, VIPoma

Skin = burns, eczema, psoriasis

Insulin, salbutamol and metabolic alkalosis

25
Mx for hypokalaemia?
Give potassium and monitor the levels
26
What is PCOS symptoms?
hyper-androgenism = hirsuitism, acne, male pattern balding Hyper-andorgenaemia = elevated free testosterone and DHEAS Oligo/anovulation + amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea,subfertility, low sex drive, fatigue, mood swings Overwight, abnormal glucose regulation and dyslipidaemia
27
WHat is PCOS associated with?
Abormal adiposity insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk factors
28
Ix for PCOS?
Trans-vagnal ultrasound san showing polycystic ovaries FSH/LH, prolactin, TFTS testosterone studies
29
Diagnosis of PCOS?
2 of 3 1) amenorrhoea/oligo 2) clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism 3) PCOS on USS