Throwing

Question 1

What joints are involved in a throwing motion

Answer 1

GHJ
ELBOW
WRIST
SHOULDER
THORACIC

Question 2

What movements occur during wind up phase of throw
Elbow
GHJ
Shoulder girdle
Thoracic spine

Answer 2

Elbow - flexion
GHJ - horizontal abduction, ext rotation
Shoulder girdle - retraction, elevation
Thoracic spine - rotation away from target

Question 3

What movements occur during cocking of throw
Elbow
GHJ
Shoulder girdle

Answer 3

Elbow - flexion
GHJ - moves via lower body movement linked to kinetic chain
External rotation
Shoulder girdle - retraction

Question 4

What movements occur during acceleration phase of throw
Elbow
GHJ
Shoulder girdle
Thoracic spine

What movements occur in deceleration

Answer 4

Elbow - extension
GHJ - horizontal flexion and internal rotation ( adduction)
Shoulder girdle - protraction
Thoracic spine - rotation towards target

Deceleration
Elbow - extension
GHJ - internal rotation / flexion
Shoulder girdle - protraction

Question 5

What muscles are used during elbow flexion and extension

Answer 5

F - biceps
E - triceps and aconeus

Question 6

What muscles are used during actions at GHJ and shoulder
Horizontal ext
Ext rotation
Horizontal abduction (flexion)
Internal rotators
Retraction
Protraction

Answer 6

Posterior deltoid and long head of triceps
Infraspinatus and teres minor
Pec and anterior deltoid
Subscapularis and pec major
Traps and rhomboidal
Pec minor and serratus anterior

Question 7

What range do traps and rhomboid work in the retraction during wind up

Answer 7

Mid to inner

Question 8

What range does pec major work in during cocking and follow through

Answer 8

Cocking - mid range to outer
Follow through - inner

Question 9

What range do triceps work in through the whole throwing movement

Answer 9

Mid range all the way through

Question 10

What is optimal range and how do active and passive tension determine this

Answer 10

Active tension is the contractile elements - there optimal range is mid range as most cross bridges can be formed here
Passive tension is the non-contractile elements - there optimal range is outer range - tissue is strectched

Optimal range is therefore at a slightly lengthened position from mid range

Question 11

What type of muscle contraction is occurring at the shoulder girdle during acceleration phase of a throw

Answer 11

Concentric contraction

Question 12

Any examples of eccentric loading in throwing and where it is important

Answer 12

Pec major in cocking phase - the MTU is lengthening and developing passive tension in the non-contractile unit - storing elastic energy and this energy is used and added to the concentric contraction making a powerful movement

Question 13

Example of an open chain 2nd class lever using one of the joints involved in throwing

Answer 13

Brachioradialis in elbow flexion as it attaches to end of wrist joint
Fulcrum at elbow joint
Load - middle of radius and ulna
Effort - brachioradialis insertion

Question 14

Any examples of insertion origin reverse

Answer 14

No because it’s open chain