Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology SB > Thrombosis, Embolism and Atheroma > Flashcards

Thrombosis, Embolism and Atheroma Flashcards

1
Q

what are the complications of atheroma

A 
Stenosis
Thrombosis
Aneurysm
Dissection
Embolism
Ischaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is arterial stenosis

A

narrowing of the artery
reduced elasticity
reduced flow in system
tissue ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does cardiac ischaemia cause

A 
reduced exercise tolerance
angina
unstable angina
infarct
cardiac failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is cardiac fibrosis - pathology

A

loss of cardiac myocytes
replacement by fibrous tissue
loss of contractility
reduced elasticity and filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what would stenosis of carotid arteries cause

A

TIA
Stroke
Vascular dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what would stenosis of renal arteries cause

A

hypertension

renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what would stenosis of peripheral arteries cause

A

claudication

foot/leg ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what often triggers thrombosis

A

rupture of atheromatous plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when is a AAA ruptured

A

6cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an arterial dissection

A

splitting within the media by flowing blood

false lumen filled with blood within the media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does infarction refer to

A

ischaemic necrosis (death) of a tissue or organ secondary to occlusion/reduction of the arterial supply or venous drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the two functions of haemostats and what can disrupt it

A

1 - maintain blood in a fluid, clot free state
2 - induce rapid, localised haemostatic plug at site of vascular injury
Thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the role of platelets

A

close small breached in vessel walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the contents of platelets

A 
Alpha granules (adhesion components, e.g. fibrinogen, fibronection, PDGF, anti-heparin, etc.
Dense granules (aggregation, ADP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens when turbulence disrupts laminar blood flow

A

Platelets come into contact with the endothelium
Activated clotting factors are not diluted by the normal rapid flow of blood
Inflow of anticoagulant factors is slowed, allowing thrombi to persist
Activation of endothelial cells is promoted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does hyper coagulability refer to

A

alteration in the coagulation pathway which predisposes to thrombosis

17
Q

what are genetic reasons for a hyper coagulable state

A

Factor V mutation
Defects in anticoagulant pathways
Defects in fibrinolysis

18
Q

what are signs of pulmonary infarcts

A

Wedge-shaped on x-ray
Dyspnoea
Chest pain
Haemoptysis

19
Q

what do fat embolisms follow

A

major soft tissue trauma, major bone fractures

20
Q

what type of embolism is often seen in divers and what is it mechanism

A

barotrauma

frothy bubbles occlude major vessels

21
Q

what are the three disease patterns for arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis
Monckeberg Medial Calcific Sclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis

22
Q

what is the most common underlying cause for thrombotic events

A

atherosclerosis

23
Q

what are the main targets for atherosclerosis

A

aorta, coronary arteries, cerebral arteries

24
Q

what can atherosclerosis cause

A

PVD - gangrene
Mesenteric artery occlusion - GI ischaemia
Ischaemic encephalopathy - dementia

25
Q

what is the pathology of atherosclerosis

A
  • Basic lesion is a Plaque
  • Raised Focal Lesion of Intima
  • Lipid core of cholesterol & esters, lipoproteins
  • Fibrous Cap
26
Q

what happens as plaque size increases

A

Luminal diameter decreases
Blood flow reduces
Ischaemia results once significant reduction

27
Q

what happens as the medial structure degrades

A

weakening of arterial wall

aneurysm development

28
Q

what are the key stages of atherosclerosis

A 
1 - Chronic endothelial injury
2 - Endothelial dysfunction
3 - Macrophage activation
4 - Lipoprotein oxidation
5 - Foam cell formation, fatty streak
6 - Plaque formation and growth
29
Q

what is endothelial dysfunction

A

Increased permeability
Monocyte adhesion
Monocyte emigration
Platelet adhesion

30
Q

what is the role of lipoprotein oxidation

A

more easily ingested by macrophages
act as chemotactic factors for monocytes
increase monocyte adhesion

31
Q

what does lipoprotein oxidation induce/stimulate

A

stimulate cytokine and growth factor release

induce an antibody response

32
Q

what are the stages of foam cell formation

A

Macrophages and smooth muscle cells engulf lipid to become foam cells and form a fatty streak

Cardiology SB (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions