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Head and Neck > Throat: Physiology and Anatomy > Flashcards

Throat: Physiology and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the oral cavity?

A

> oral vestibule

> oral cavity proper

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2
Q

what are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

> lips to platoglossal arch
palate to floor of mouth/tongue
buccal mucosa

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3
Q

where does the parotid gland usually open up to the oral cavity?

A

opposite the second maxillary second molar tooth

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4
Q

what nerve supplies somatic afferent innervation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

A

the lingual nerve

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5
Q

what is the lingual nerve a branch of?

A

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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6
Q

what provides taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

chorda tympani nerve of the facial nerve

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7
Q

what are the functions of the oral cavity?

A 
> taste
> mastication
> speech
> digestion
> swallowing
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8
Q

what is the nerve supply of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

> 3rd branchial arch

> CNIX

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9
Q

do the fulliform papillae contain taste buds?

A

no

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10
Q

where in the tongue are fungiform papillae found?

A

scattered throughout the dorsum of the tongue

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11
Q

where are circumvallate papillae found in the tongue?

A

in a row just anterior to the sulcus terminalis

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12
Q

what type of muscles alters the shape of the tongue?

A

intrinsic muscles

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13
Q

what types of muscles alters the position of the tongue?

A

the extrinsic muscles

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14
Q

name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

> genioglossus
styloglossus
hypoglossus
palatoglossus

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15
Q

what four muscles are involved in mastication?

A

> lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid
temporalis
masseter

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16
Q

what is the nerve supply in mastication?

A

CN V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)

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17
Q

what do the muscles involved in mastication work on?

A

the temporal mandibular joint

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18
Q

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

> lower border of soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis
palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall
lateral: faucial pillars and palatine tonsils

19
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

A

stratified non-keratinised squamous

20
Q

what is the nerve supply to the oropharynx?

A

pharyngeal plexus CNIX and X

21
Q

what is the blood supply of the hypopharynx?

A

> superior thyroid artery
lingual artery
ascending pharyngeal artery

22
Q

what is the nerve innervation of the hypopharynx?

A

pharyngeal plexus

23
Q

what are the boundaries of the hypopharynx?

A

> superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid
anterior wall = back of larynx
continuous with the eosophagus

24
Q

what three subsites is the hypopharynx divided into?

A

> pyriform sinus
post-cricoid area
posterior pharyngeal wall

25
Q

name the three phases of swallowing

A

> oral phase
pharyngeal phase
oesophageal phase

26
Q

describe the oral phase of swallowing

A

the tongue propels the food into pharynx triggering the swallow reflex (afferent: CNV,IX,X and efferent: CN VII,X,XII)

27
Q

describe the pharyngeal swallowing phase

A

the soft palate is pulled upwards so and the epiglottis covers the larynx, vocal cord approximate. the larynx moves upwards. the upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes and the respiration reflex is inhibited.

28
Q

describe the oesophageal phase in swallowing

A

the bolus passes through the upper oesophageal sphincter which then constricts. the bolus is propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via the myenteric plexus.

29
Q

what is the function of the larynx?

A

> respiratory tract
voice
swallowing

30
Q

name three parts of the larynx

A

> supraglottis
glottis
subglottis

31
Q

describe the location of the supraglottis

A

it extends form the superior tip of the epiglottis to the floor of the ventricular fold

32
Q

describe the location of the glottis

A

begins superiorly at the true vocal fold and extends inferiorly to a horizontal plane 5mm inferior to the vocal cord

33
Q

describe the subglottis location

A

begins 5mm below the free edge of the true vocal cord and proceeds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

34
Q

name the cartilage present in the larynx

A

> cricoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
epiglottis
paired arytenoid cartilages

35
Q

what is the action of the extrinsic muscles on the larynx?

A

movement of the entire laryngeal complex

36
Q

what is the action of intrinsic muscles on the larynx?

A

regulation of the movement of the vocal cords

37
Q

what nerve innervates all but one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

38
Q

what nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

external laryngeal nerve

39
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the supraglottis?

A

internal laryngeal nerve

40
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the glottis and subglottis?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

41
Q

what does the left laryngeal nerve have a higher risk of injury during surgery?

A

it has a longer course as it loops around the aortic arch

42
Q

describe phonation in speech

A

flow of air through different VC positions, tensions, vibrations and length

43
Q

what determines articulation?

A

action of lips, tongue and jaw

44
Q

what is prosody?

A

production of syllable stress and emphasis providing effective speech tone

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