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Head and Neck > Neck: Physiology and Anatomy > Flashcards

Neck: Physiology and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the anterior and posterior borders of the anterior triangle?

A

Anterior: midline of the neck
Posterior: anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

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2
Q

what are the anterior and posterior borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

anterior: posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
posterior: anterior border of the trapezius

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3
Q

what blood vessels are present in the anterior triangle?

A 
> common carotid artery
> external carotid artery
> facial artery
> internal carotid artery
> internal jugular vein
> facial vein
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4
Q

what nerves are present in the anterior triangle?

A

> hypoglossal nerves
glossopharyngeal nerves
accessory nerves
laryngeal nerves

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5
Q

what lymph nodes are found in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

submandibular and submental nodes

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6
Q

what is found in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A 
> accessory nerve
> occipital artery
> lymph nodes
> cervical nerve plexus
> external jugular vein
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7
Q

at what vertebral level does the common carotid divide?

A

c4

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8
Q

what are the indications for central line cannulation?

A 
> drug administration
> cardiac pacing
> blood sampling
> fluid resuscitation
> haemodialysis
> intravenous nutrition
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9
Q

what complications can arise form central vein cannulation?

A 
> pneumothorax
> haematoma
> cardiac tamponade
> air embolism
> chylothorax
>false passage
> thrombosis
> sepsis
> line blockage
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10
Q

how many lymph nodes are in the head and neck?

A

600

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11
Q

what do the lymph nodes in the head and neck drain to?

A

the cisterna chyli and then the thoracic duct on the left

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12
Q

how are the lymph nodes in the neck organised?

A

in levels

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13
Q

what do the parotid nodes drain?

A

scalp, face and parotid gland

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14
Q

what do the occipital nodes drain?

A

scalp

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15
Q

what do the superficial cervical nodes drain?

A

breast and solid viscera

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16
Q

what group of nodes act as a final drainage pathway to the thoracic duct?

A

the deep cervical nodes

17
Q

what do the submandibular nodes drain?

A

tongue, nose, paranasal sinuses, submandibular gland, oral cavity

18
Q

what do the submental nodes drain?

A

the lips and mouth floor

19
Q

what do the sub clavicular nodes drain?

A

breast, oesophagus and solid viscera

20
Q

what three things can cause lymphadenopathy?

A

> infection
inflammation
malignancy

21
Q

is the thyroid gland and exocrine or an endocrine gland?

A

endocrine gland

22
Q

describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland

A

there are 2 lobes joined by isthmus

23
Q

what doe the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroid hormone and calcitonin

24
Q

what is the action of calcitonin?

A

it lowers calcium and raises phosphate

25
Q

what could a solitary thyroid nodules be?

A 
> cyst
> adenoma
> carcinoma
> lymphoma
> prominent nodule in multinodular goitre
26
Q

what investigation would you carry out for a solitary thyroid nodule?

A

fine needle aspiration cytology and ultrasound screening

27
Q

name 4 types of thyroid cancer

A

> papillary
follicular
medullary
anaplastic

28
Q

what are the indications for a thyroidectomy?

A 
> airway obstruction
> malignancy
> thyrotoxicosis
> cosmesis
>retrosternal extension
29
Q

describe the parathyroid glands

A

there are 4 located posterior to the poles of the thyroid. they regulate calcium and phosphate levels and can be injured in neck surgery

30
Q

name the four fascia of the neck

A

> pre-tracheal
pre-vertebral
deep cervical
carotid sheath

31
Q

what is the pharyngeal pouch?

A

herniation of the pharyngeal mucosa between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx

Head and Neck (13 decks)

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