Neck: Physiology and Anatomy Flashcards
what are the anterior and posterior borders of the anterior triangle?
Anterior: midline of the neck
Posterior: anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
what are the anterior and posterior borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
anterior: posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
posterior: anterior border of the trapezius
what blood vessels are present in the anterior triangle?
> common carotid artery > external carotid artery > facial artery > internal carotid artery > internal jugular vein > facial vein
what nerves are present in the anterior triangle?
> hypoglossal nerves
glossopharyngeal nerves
accessory nerves
laryngeal nerves
what lymph nodes are found in the anterior triangle of the neck?
submandibular and submental nodes
what is found in the posterior triangle of the neck?
> accessory nerve > occipital artery > lymph nodes > cervical nerve plexus > external jugular vein
at what vertebral level does the common carotid divide?
c4
what are the indications for central line cannulation?
> drug administration > cardiac pacing > blood sampling > fluid resuscitation > haemodialysis > intravenous nutrition
what complications can arise form central vein cannulation?
> pneumothorax > haematoma > cardiac tamponade > air embolism > chylothorax >false passage > thrombosis > sepsis > line blockage
how many lymph nodes are in the head and neck?
600
what do the lymph nodes in the head and neck drain to?
the cisterna chyli and then the thoracic duct on the left
how are the lymph nodes in the neck organised?
in levels
what do the parotid nodes drain?
scalp, face and parotid gland
what do the occipital nodes drain?
scalp
what do the superficial cervical nodes drain?
breast and solid viscera
what group of nodes act as a final drainage pathway to the thoracic duct?
the deep cervical nodes
what do the submandibular nodes drain?
tongue, nose, paranasal sinuses, submandibular gland, oral cavity
what do the submental nodes drain?
the lips and mouth floor
what do the sub clavicular nodes drain?
breast, oesophagus and solid viscera
what three things can cause lymphadenopathy?
> infection
inflammation
malignancy
is the thyroid gland and exocrine or an endocrine gland?
endocrine gland
describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland
there are 2 lobes joined by isthmus
what doe the thyroid gland produce?
thyroid hormone and calcitonin
what is the action of calcitonin?
it lowers calcium and raises phosphate
what could a solitary thyroid nodules be?
> cyst > adenoma > carcinoma > lymphoma > prominent nodule in multinodular goitre
what investigation would you carry out for a solitary thyroid nodule?
fine needle aspiration cytology and ultrasound screening
name 4 types of thyroid cancer
> papillary
follicular
medullary
anaplastic
what are the indications for a thyroidectomy?
> airway obstruction > malignancy > thyrotoxicosis > cosmesis >retrosternal extension
describe the parathyroid glands
there are 4 located posterior to the poles of the thyroid. they regulate calcium and phosphate levels and can be injured in neck surgery
name the four fascia of the neck
> pre-tracheal
pre-vertebral
deep cervical
carotid sheath
what is the pharyngeal pouch?
herniation of the pharyngeal mucosa between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx
