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Head and Neck > Ear: Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Ear: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the external ear?

A

the pinna, the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane

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2
Q

name the three parts of the ear

A

> external ear
middle ear
inner ear

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3
Q

describe the pinna of the external ear

A 
> helix ridge round the edge of the ear
> antihelix ridge bit inside a bit
> lobule: lobe
> triangular area
> concha
> meatus
> tragus
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4
Q

what is the pinna and the auricle made from?

A

stratified keratinised epithelium and elastic cartilage

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5
Q

how long is the external ear canal in adults?

A

4cm long

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6
Q

describe the lateral 1/3rd of the external ear canal

A

> made of skin and cartilage
ceruminous and sebaceous glands producing wax
thick hairs becoming thinner

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7
Q

what are the functions of lateral 1/3 of the external ear canal?

A

protective barrier and disinfectant

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8
Q

what part of the external ear canal has no hairs or cilia and doesn’t produce wax?

A

the medial 1/3rd

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9
Q

describe the shedding of the external ear canal

A

the skin is being constantly renewed and shed. it grows from the umbo of the tympanic membrane outwards. it is shed in the lateral 1/3rd of canal trapped in wax as part of the cleaning mechanism

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10
Q

describe the inner layer of the tympanic membrane

A

continuous with skin

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11
Q

what tissue is the middle layer of the tympanic membrane made form?

A

fibrous tissue

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12
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the inner layer of the tympanic membrane?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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13
Q

how large is the tympanic membrane?

A

1cm in diameter

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14
Q

describe the three bones from the tympanic membrane

A

malleus > incus > stapes

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15
Q

what is the function of the ossicles?

A

they conduct sound waves from tympanic membrane to the inner ear

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16
Q

what can cause disruption of sound conduction by the ossicles?

A

trauma or bony sclerosis (otosclerosis)

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17
Q

what lines the middle ear?

A

continuous respiratory epithelium (that forms the inner layer of tympanic membrane)

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18
Q

is the continuous respiratory epithelium lining the middle ear mucous secreting?

A

yes

19
Q

what does the middle ear connect to via the aditus?

A

the mastoid system

20
Q

what connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

21
Q

what does the middle ear contain?

A

facial nerve

22
Q

what are the important anatomical relations to the middle ear?

A

> middle cranial fossa
internal carotid artery
sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein

23
Q

what are the six segments of the facial nerve?

A 
> intracranial
> meatal segment
> labyrinthine segment
> tympanic segment
> mastoid segment
> extratemporal segment
24
Q

what is the taste anterior of the tongue supplied by?

A

chorda tympani

25
Q

what is cholesteatoma?

A

skin in the middle ear has become keratinised squamous epithelium which can become destructive. can be congenital or acquired.

26
Q

what is contained in the inner ear?

A

> bony and membranous labyrinth
cochlear
peripheral vestibular apparatus
vestibulochochlear nerve

27
Q

what does the bony and membranous labyrinth contain?

A

fluid-perilymph and endolymph

28
Q

what makes up the peripheral vestibular apparatus?

A

> utricle
saccule
semicircular canal

29
Q

in hearing what window does the foot of stapes vibrate in?

A

oval window

30
Q

what causes a pressure wave through the fluid in the cochlear?

A

the foot of stapes vibrating in the oval window

31
Q

what do the hair cells in the organ of corti detect?

A

the pressure wave through fluid in the cochlear

32
Q

what nerve transmits the detection of the pressure wave by the hair cells in organ of corti to the brainstem?

A

CNVIII- vestibulocochlear nerve

33
Q

describe the inputs for balance sensation?

A

> vision
peripheral vestibular system
proprioception

34
Q

what are the outputs for creating balance?

A

> gaze stabilisation

> postural control

35
Q

what is responsible for detecting head rotation?

A

semicircular canals

36
Q

describe the effect vestibule-ocular reflex

A

this inables you to fix you vision on an object even when your head is moving

37
Q

what detects linear acceleration in a vertical plane?

A

saccule

38
Q

what does the utricle detect?

A

linear acceleration in horizontal plane

39
Q

what nerve provides sensation to the middle ear?

A

the tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX

40
Q

what does the auricular branch of the vagus nerve CNX supply?

A

sensation to the posterior half of external ear canal

41
Q

what nerve supplies the anterior half of the external ear canal?

A

the facial nerve

42
Q

what nerve supplies the pinna?

A

the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve CN V3

43
Q

what does otalgia mean?

A

ear ache

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