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Systems: Head and Neck AB > Throat > Flashcards

Throat Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?

A
  • Oral vestibule (between lips and teeth)

- Oral cavity proper

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A
  • Lips to palatoglossal arch
  • Palate to floor of mouth/tongue
  • Buccal mucosa
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3
Q

Stenson’s duct

A

Parotid duct

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4
Q

Where is the parotid duct located?

A

The duct pierces the buccinators muscle then opens up into the oral cavity on the inner surface of the cheek, usually opposite the maxillary second molar

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5
Q

Wharton’s duct

A

Submandibular duct

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6
Q

Where is the submandibular duct located?

A

Lying superior to the digastric muscle, each submandibular gland is divided into superficial and deep lobes, which are separated by the mylohyoid muscle

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7
Q

What is the lingual nerve a branch of?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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8
Q

What does the lingual nerve supply?

A

General somatic afferent innervation from the anterior 2/3s of the tongue

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9
Q

What nerve fibres does the lingual nerve carry that are not part of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Chorda tympani nerve of the facial nerve which provides special sensation (taste) to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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10
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A
  • Taste
  • Mastication (teeth, tongue)
  • Speech (tongue, cheek, lips)
  • Digestion (salivary enzymes)
  • Swallowing (tongue, hard and soft palate)
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11
Q

What papillae do no contain taste buds?

A

Filliform papillae

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12
Q

Where does the anterior 2/3s of the tongue originate?

A

1st branchial arch

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13
Q

What is responsible for the sensation of the anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

A

Lingual nerve

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14
Q

What is responsible for taste in the anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani

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15
Q

Where does the posterior 1/3 of the tongue originate from?

A

3rd branchial arch

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16
Q

what supplies the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Cr N IX

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17
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Alter shape

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18
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Alter position

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19
Q

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the tongue

A

Cr N XII the hypoglossal nerve supplies all except from the palatoglossus which is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus (CrN IX-X)

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20
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A
  • Taste
  • Mastication
  • Swallowing
  • Speech
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21
Q

What are the 4 muscles involved in mastication?

A
  • Lateral pterygoid
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Temporalis
  • Masseter
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22
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

Cr N V3

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23
Q

How is food positioned for grinding by the tongue and cheek?

A

Between teeth

24
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A
  • Lower border of soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis
  • Palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall
  • Lateral: faucial pillars and palatine tonsils
25
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?

A

Stratified non-keratinised squamous

26
Q

What is the nerve supply of the oropharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus (CrN IX and X)

27
Q

Where does the blood supply of the hypopharynx come from?

A
  • Superior thyroid artery
  • Lingual artery
  • Ascending pharyngeal artery
28
Q

What is the nerve supply of the hypopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus

29
Q

What are the boundaries of the hypopharynx?

A
  • Superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid
  • Continuous with oesophagus
  • Anterior wall: back of larynx
30
Q

What are the 3 subsites of the hypopharynx?

A
  • Pyriform sinus
  • Post cricoid area
  • Posterior pharyngeal wall
31
Q

What is the nerve supply of the hypopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus

32
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A
  • Oral phase
  • Pharyngeal
  • Oesophageal
33
Q

What is involved in the oral phase of swallowing?

A
  • Tongue propels food (bolus) into pharynx

- Triggering swallowing reflex

34
Q

What is involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A
  • Soft palate pulled upwards
  • Epiglottis covers the larynx, vocal cord approximate, larynx moves upward
  • Upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes
  • Respiration is reflex inhibited
35
Q

What is involved in the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A
  • Once bolus passed UOS, the sphincter constricts

- Bolus propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via myenteric plexus

36
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • Part of the respiratory tract
  • Voice
  • Swallowing
37
Q

What are the 3 parts of the larynx?

A
  • Supraglottis
  • Glottis
  • Subglottic
38
Q

What are the 7 segments of cartilages that form the larynx?

A
  • Cricoid
  • Thyroid
  • Epiglottis
  • Paired arytenoid cartilages (corniculate and cuneiform)
39
Q

Where is the supraglottis located?

A

Extends from the superior tip of the epiglottis to the floor of the ventricular fold (junction of respiratory and squamous epithelium)

40
Q

Where is the glottis located?

A

Begins superiorly at the true vocal fold and extends inferiorly to a horizontal plane 5mm inferior to the vocal cord

41
Q

Where is the subglottis located?

A

Begins 5mm below the free edge of the true vocal cord and proceeds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

42
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do?

A

Move the entire laryngeal complex

43
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do?

A

Regulate the movement of the vocal folds

44
Q

What provides the motor innervation of the larynx?

A
  • Cr N X

- All intrinsic muscles supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except cricothyroid muscle (external laryngeal nerve)

45
Q

What provides supraglottic sensory innervation?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

46
Q

What provides glottis and subglottic sensory innervation?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

47
Q

Why does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve have a higher risk of injury during operative chest procedures?

A

It has a longer course since it loops around the aortic arch instead of the right subclavian artery

48
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve divide into its internal and external branches?

A

At the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid

49
Q

What does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve travel with?

A

Superior laryngeal artery through the thyrohyoid membrane and allows supraglottic sensation and increased airway protection.

50
Q

What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply?

A

Subglottic mucosal sensation and motor fibres to the cricothyroid muscle

51
Q

What are the 5 phases of speech?

A
  • Respiration
  • Phonation
  • Resonation
  • Articulation
  • Prosody
52
Q

What is involved in the respiration phase of speech?

A
  • Source of energy: air flow

- Inhalation and exhalation

53
Q

What is involved in the phonation phase of speech?

A

Flow of air through different VC position, tension, vibration and length

54
Q

What is involved in the resonation phase of speech?

A
  • Oral/nasal speech balance

- Depend on nasopharynx, nasal cavity and oral cavity

55
Q

What is involved in the articulation phase of speech?

A

Production of speech, determined by action of lips, tongue and jaw

56
Q

What is involved in the prosody phase of speech?

A
  • Production of syllable stress and emphasis

- Provide effective speech tone

57
Q

Prosody

A

The rhythm, stress and intonation of speech. It is associated with Brodmann areas 44 and 45 (Broca’s area) of the left frontal lobe

Systems: Head and Neck AB (15 decks)

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