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Systems: Head and Neck AB > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the neck develop from?

A

Branchial/pharyngeal arches

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2
Q

What does the face develop from?

A

5 mesenchymal process/prominences

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3
Q

What does the skull develop from?

A

Mesenchyme in the head region of developing embryo

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4
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Mesenchyme is embryonic connective tissue

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5
Q

What does mesenchyme have the same properties as?

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

What does mesenchyme develop into?

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Blood vessels
  • ETC.
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7
Q

What 2 areas of the embryo lac mesoderm?

A

Future site of the mouth and anus

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8
Q

What does notochord formation lead to?

A

Axis formation in the embryo (embryo now has a right and a left side)

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9
Q

What does the trilaminar disc have on either side?

A
  • Amniotic cavity dorsally (side of ectoderm)

- Yolk sac ventrally (side of endoderm)

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10
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

Some of the ectoderm in the midline folds down to form neural tube

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11
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

How are the neural crest cells formed?

A

Some cells a the crest of the neural fold separate to form the neural crest cells

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13
Q

What happens to the neural crest cells once they are formed?

A

They migrate and give rise to a wide variety of structures

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14
Q

What happens to the neural crest cells in the head and neck region?

A

They mix with the mesoderm

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15
Q

What are somites derived from?

A

The paraxial mesoderm

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16
Q

What do the somites form?

A

Structures like the axial skeleton and muscles

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17
Q

How many somites develop in total in human embryos?

A

Around 33

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18
Q

What do somites located in the future head region help in?

A

Cranial skeleton development

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19
Q

What needs to form in the head and neck region?

A
  • Face to house the special sense organs
  • Skull cap and base of skull to protect growing brain
  • Palate to separate mouth from nose
  • Muscles, skeletal elements to support the neck region
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20
Q

Branchial arches

A

Series of arches which develop around the future mouth (stomatodeum) and pharynx

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21
Q

How did the branchial arches get their name?

A

Called branchial because in lower animals (fish) it forms the gills (branchium)

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22
Q

What do the branchial arches support?

A

Primitive pharynx

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23
Q

What develops from the branchial arches?

A

Face and neck

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24
Q

How many branchial arches are there?

A
  • In humans 5 branchial arches develop.

- 6 arches start to develop but arch number 5 disappears so we are left with arches 1,2,3,4 and 6

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25
Q

Where is the ectoderm found in the branchial arches?

A
  • Lines the outside

- Also forms clefts in between arches

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26
Q

Where is the mesoderm found in the branchial arches?

A
  • In the middle with the neural crest cells

- Forms the cartilage and muscles

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27
Q

Where is the endoderm found in the branchial arches?

A
  • On the inside

- Also forms pouches in between the arches

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28
Q

Which nerve is associated with the 1st branchial arch?

A

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal

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29
Q

What nerve is associated with the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Facial nerve

30
Q

What nerve is associated with the 3rd branchial arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

31
Q

What nerve is associated with the 4th branchial arch?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of the vagus

32
Q

What nerve is associated with the 6th branchial arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus

33
Q

Which branchial arch are the muscles of the face derived from?

A

2nd branchial arch

34
Q

What is the anterior belly of the digastric muscle innervated by?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

35
Q

What is the posterior belly of the digastric muscle innervated by?

A

Facial nerve

36
Q

What forms form the branchial arches around the future pharynx?

A

Skeletal elements

37
Q

What skeletal structure is derived from the 1st branchial arch?

A

Mandible

38
Q

What skeletal structure is derived from the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Hyoid body and lesser horn

39
Q

What skeletal structure is derived from the 3rd branchial arch?

A

Hyoid body and greater horn

40
Q

What cartilaginous structure is derived from the 4th branchial arch?

A

Thyroid cartilage

41
Q

What cartilaginous structure is derived from the 6th branchial arch?

A

Cricoid cartilage

42
Q

Other than bone, cartilage and facial muscles, what other important structures develop from the branchial arches?

A
  • Tongue
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Part of the pituitary gland
43
Q

What are the 5 processes/prominences that the face develops from?

A

-1 frontonasal process
-2 maxillary processes
2 mandibular processes

44
Q

What does the frontonasal process of the face develop from?

A

From mesenchyme superior to future mouth

45
Q

What do the 2 maxillary processes of the face develop from?

A

From the maxillary part of the 1st branch arch mesoderm

46
Q

What do the 2 mandibular processes of the face develop from?

A

1st arch mesoderm

47
Q

Why is it important to understand the origins of the face?

A

To understand how congenital facial defects such as clefts develop

48
Q

Where do the 2 mandibular processes of the face fuse?

A

Midline

49
Q

How is the nostril formed?

A

Ectodermal thickening occurs (nasal placode) which pushes inwards or invanginates to form the nasal pit leading to nostrils

50
Q

How is the philtrum formed?

A

The medial nasal process further gowns downwards and laterally to form the philtrum

51
Q

What is the 1st stage in the development of the palate?

A
  • Medial nasal process grows downwards and forms philtrum.

- This forms the primary palate

52
Q

What is the 2nd stage in the development of the palate?

A

From the maxillary processes, two palatine shelves grow inwards

53
Q

What is the 3rd stage in the development of the palate?

A

The palatine shelves meet in the midline to form the secondary palate

54
Q

How are the oral cavity and nasal cavity separated?

A

Formation of the palate

55
Q

What is the cranial vault?

A

Flat bones of the skull

56
Q

What is the base of the skull?

A

Irregular bones of the skull

57
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Skeleton of the face

58
Q

How is the cranial vault formed?

A

Formed from membranous bones by membranous ossification calvaria

59
Q

How is the base of the skull formed?

A

Bones formed by endochondral ossification

60
Q

How is the viscerocranium formed?

A

Partly form the branchial arches and partly from sensory (special sense) capsules

61
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

At 1.5 years

62
Q

What is the cranial vault formed from?

A

Mesenchyme derived from mesoderm that lies above the surface of developing brain ossify directly (membranous ossification)

63
Q

Why is the cranial vault not fully formed at birth?

A

Sutures between bones are soft to allow for deformation during passage through birth canal and brain development

64
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

Premature fusion od the suture joints leading to abnormal development of the skull and brain

65
Q

How is the base of the skull formed?

A
  • Mesenchyme around notochord is derived predominantly from neural crest cells
  • Preform in cartilage first
  • Later they ossify
66
Q

What are sensory capsules derived from?

A

Mesoderm of the somites in head and neck region

67
Q

What do the sensory capsules preform?

A

They preform in cartilage and ossify to form bones around the sense organs

68
Q

What do the sensory capsules form?

A
  • Partly base of the skull

- Partly viscerocranium

69
Q

What forms the brain?

A

Neural tube

70
Q

What forms the skull cap?

A

Membranous bones over growing the brain

71
Q

What is the name of the 1st pharyngeal arch abnormality?

A

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Systems: Head and Neck AB (15 decks)

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