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Systems: Head and Neck AB > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 sections of the ear?

A
  • External
  • Middle
  • Inner
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2
Q

What structure separates the external and middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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3
Q

What are the parts of the external ear?

A
  • Helix
  • Triangular area
  • Tragus
  • Meatus
  • Concha
  • Antitragus
  • Antihelix
  • Lobule
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4
Q

What type of cells form the skin of the pinna?

A

Stratified keratinized epithelium

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5
Q

What is present that gives the pinna its structure?

A

Elastic cartilage

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6
Q

How long is the external ear in adults?

A

4cm

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7
Q

What is the lateral 1/3 of the external ear made from?

A

Skin and cartilage

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8
Q

What does the skin of the lateral 1/3 of the external ear contain?

A

Ceruminous and sebaceous glands

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9
Q

What does the lateral 1/3 of the external ear act as?

A

Protective barrier and disinfectant

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10
Q

How do the hairs in the ear differ throughout?

A

Thick hairs on the outside becoming finer inside

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11
Q

What is the medial 1/3 of the external ear made from?

A

skin and bone

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12
Q

What is not present in the medial 1/3 of the external ear but is in the lateral?

A
  • Hairs

- Cilia

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13
Q

What does the medial 1/3 of the external ear not produce?

A

Wax

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14
Q

What constantly happens to the skin of the external ear?

A

Constantly being shed and renewed

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15
Q

Where does the skin of the external ear canal grow from?

A

Umbo of the tympanic membrane outwards

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16
Q

Where is skin of the external ear canal shed from?

A

Lateral 1/3rd of canal and trapped in wax as part of cleaning mechanism

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17
Q

What part of the ear is not very good at sound localisation in humans?

A

Pinna

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18
Q

What causes minimal hearing loss when compared with problems in other parts if the ear?

A

Wax or mechanical obstructions

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19
Q

Name the parts of the tympanic membrane?

A
  • Posterior fold
  • Incus
  • Umbo
  • Annulus
  • Pars tensa
  • Cone of light
  • Manubrium of malleus
  • Short process of malleus
  • Anterior fold
  • Pars flaccida
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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane?

A
  • Outer layer that is continuous with kin of EAC
  • Middle fibrous layer
  • Inner layer of respiratory epithelium (ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells)
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21
Q

How thick is the tympanic membrane?

A

1/10th of a millimeter

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22
Q

What diameter is the tympanic membrane?

A

1cm

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23
Q

What are the 3 bones found in the inner ear?

A
  • Head of malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
24
Q

What do the ossicles do?

A
  • Conduct sound waves from tympanic membrane to inner ear

- Play a very important role in sound conduction

25
Q

What can disruption of the ossicles be from?

A

Trauma or bony sclerosis (otosclerosis)

26
Q

What is the middle ear lined with?

A

Same continuous respiratory epithelium that forms inner layer of tympanic membrane

27
Q

What is the middle ear capable of producing?

A

Mucous

28
Q

What can the production of excess mucous in the middle ear lead to?

A

Glue ear

29
Q

What does the middle ear connect to the mastoid system via?

A

Aditus

30
Q

What does the middle ear connect to the nasopharynx via?

A

Eustachian tube

31
Q

What nerve foes the middle ear contain?

A

Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

32
Q

What are the most important relations of the middle ear?

A
  • Middle cranial fossa
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein
33
Q

What are the 6 segment of the facial nerve?

A
  • Intracranial
  • Meatal segment (internal auditory meatus)
  • Labyrinthine segment
  • Tympanic segment (Fallopian tube. 10% which are dehiscent)
  • Mastoid segment
  • Extratemporal segment
34
Q

What does the facial nerve supply motor function to?

A

Muscles of facial expression

  • Stapedius
  • Posterior belly of digastric
  • Stylohyoid
35
Q

Where does the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue receive taste from?

A

Chorda tympani

36
Q

What structures can be affected by complications of otitis media and cholesteatoma?

A
  • Meninges
  • Middle cranial fossa
  • Facial nerve
  • Mastoid cavity
  • Inner ear
  • Sigmoid sinus/internal jugular vein
37
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Keratinised squamous epithelium (skin) in the wrong place

38
Q

How does cholesteatoma cause problems?

A

They grow and are destructive

39
Q

What are the 2 types of cholesteatoma?

A
  • Congenital

- Acquired

40
Q

What nerve is associated with the inner ear?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

41
Q

What are the components of the inner ear?

A
  • Bony and membranous labyrinth
  • Cochlear
  • Peripheral vestibular apparatus
42
Q

Cochlear

A

Organ of corti- hearing organ

43
Q

What are the 3 components of the peripheral vestibular apparatus?

A
  • Utricle
  • Saccule
  • Semi-circular canals
44
Q

What does the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear contain?

A

Fluid

  • Perilymph
  • Endolymph
45
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Transduce vibration into nervous impulses

46
Q

What is the physiology of hearing following the transduction of vibration into nervous impulses by the middle ear?

A
  • Foot of stapes vibrates in oval window
  • Causes pressure wave through fluid in cochlear
  • This is detected by hair cells in organ of corti
  • Transmitted to brainstem by CN VIII
47
Q

What is responsible for detecting head rotation?

A

Semi-circular canals

48
Q

Vestibulo-occular reflex

A

What makes you able to fix your vision on an object even when your head is moving

49
Q

What does the saccule detect?

A

Linear acceleration in vertical plane

50
Q

What does the utricle detect?

A

Linear acceleration in horizontal plane

51
Q

What is another name for the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerves CN IX?

A

Jacobson’s nerve

52
Q

What is Jacobson’s nerve responsible for?

A

Sensation to middle ear

53
Q

What is another name for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve CN X?

A

Arnold’s nerve

54
Q

What is Arnold’s nerve responsible for?

A

Sensation to posterior half of EAC

55
Q

What is the facial nerve responsible for?

A

Anterior half of EAC

56
Q

What is the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve responebile for CN V3?

A

Pinna

57
Q

When can otalgia be a worrying sign?

A

In the absence of an obvious ear cause as it could be due to head and neck cancer

Systems: Head and Neck AB (15 decks)

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