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Systems: Head and Neck AB > Nose/Sinuses > Flashcards

Nose/Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary nasal function?

A

As an airway is respiration

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2
Q

Who is the primary nasal function particularly important in?

A

Neonates who are obligate nasal breathers

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3
Q

What type of cells are present in the sinonasal mucosa?

A

Respiratory ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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4
Q

What other nasal functions are there?

A
  • Warming of inspired air
  • Humidification
  • Filtration of large particulate matter by coarse hairs (vibrissae) in the nasal vestibule
  • Mucus production, trapping and ciliary clearance of particulate matter
  • Immune protection
  • Olfaction
  • Drainage/aeration of the middle ear via Eustachian tube
  • Drainage of paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
  • Voice modification
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5
Q

What role does the nasal passages play in voice modification of animals?

A

Pheromone detection via the vomero-nasal organ of Jacobson

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6
Q

What is thought to be the function of the sinuses?

A
  • Help with vocal resonance
  • Decrease the weight of skull and facial bones
  • Act as buffer for trauma
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7
Q

Name the parts of the external nose.

A
  • Glabella
  • Nasion
  • Dorsum
  • Supratip
  • Tip
  • Collimnella
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8
Q

What are the 2 components of the external nose?

A
  • 1/3 bony

- 2/3 cartilage

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9
Q

What is the external nose formed from?

A

Frontal processe of maxilla and nasal part of frontal bones

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10
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the external nose?

A
  • Deformities that can be congenital or acquired

- Acquired almost always due to trauma

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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the internal nose?

A

Midline partition to nasal septum

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12
Q

What forms the lateral walls of the internal nose?

A

Turbinates

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13
Q

What forms the roof of the internal nose?

A

Cribriform plate

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14
Q

What forms the floor of the internal nose?

A

Hard palate

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15
Q

What are the associated structures of the internal nose?

A
  • Paranasal sinuses

- Nasopharynx

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16
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the internal nose?

A
  • Deviation (Congenital or acquired. Acquired almost always caused by trauma)
  • Septal perforation
  • Septal haematoma
17
Q

Turbinates

A

Bony scroll like projections from lateral wall of nose

18
Q

What are the 3 types of turbinates?

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
19
Q

What is each turbinate associated with?

A

Its respective meatus

20
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the turbinates?

A

Usually inferior turbinate only

-Can cause nasal blockage due to inflammation or infection

21
Q

How can nasal blockage due to the turbinate be manages?

A
  • Medically with topical steroid

- Surgically with turbinate reduction surgery

22
Q

What are the different types of paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Frontal
  • Maxillary x2
  • Ethmoid (anterior and posterior)
  • Sphenoid
23
Q

What does the inferior meatus drain?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

24
Q

What does the middle meatus drain?

A
  • Frontal
  • Maxillary
  • Anterior ethmoid
25
Q

What does the superior meatus drain?

A
  • Posterior ethmoid

- Sphenoid

26
Q

Rhino sinusitis

A

Reflects a concurrent inflammatory and infective process that affects the nasal passageway and contiguous para nasal sinuses

27
Q

What are the 2 classifications of rhino sinusitis?

A
  • Acute (bacterial)

- Chronic (lasts more than 12 weeks)

28
Q

What are the 2 classifications of chronic rhino sinusitis?

A
  • With polyps

- Without polyps

29
Q

What is the important relation of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses?

A

Anterior cranial fossa

30
Q

What are the important relation of the maxillary sinus?

A

Orbits

31
Q

What are the important relations of the sphenoid sinuses?

A
  • Optic nerve
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Cavernous sinus
32
Q

Why are the relations of the sinuses of clinical importance?

A

Spread of infection

  • Meningitis
  • Intracranial abscess
  • Orbital sepsis

Risk of surgery

  • CSF leak
  • Orbital complications possibly leading to blindness
33
Q

How is the nasal blood supply broadly divided?

A
  • Anterior

- Posterior

34
Q

What is the anterior nasal blood supply?

A
  • Derived from branches of the internal carotid artery

- Ophthalmic artery branching into anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries

35
Q

What is the posterior nasal blood supply?

A
  • Derived from branches of external carotid artery

- Sphenopalatine artery

36
Q

What is the clinical relevance of Little’s area?

A

-Epistaxis most commonly occurs in Little’s area

37
Q

What are common causes of epistaxis?

A
  • Trauma including nose picking
  • Anticoagulants
  • Iatrogenic
  • Idiopathic
  • Hypertension
38
Q

What are the important nerves of the nasal passages?

A
  • Most come from trigeminal cranial nerve

- Greater and lesser palatine nerves stem from the facial nerve

39
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the nerves of the nose?

A

Olfactory dysfunction due to rhino sinusitis, post viral anosmia and trauma

Systems: Head and Neck AB (15 decks)

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