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EENT > Throat > Flashcards

Throat Flashcards

1
Q

Croup/LTB

A

A viral infection of the sub-glottic area leading to a barking cough

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2
Q

Croup occurs most often in:

A

Children younger than 5

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3
Q

Most common cause of croup:

A

Viral infection
-MC in fall through winter
-MC in boys than girls

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4
Q

Croup typically occurs in:

A

A toddler that develops seal-like barking cough after several days of cold symptoms
-No fever or drooling

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5
Q

Croup iffers from epiglottitis by:

A

-Croup: No fever/drooling, history of recent cold symptoms; sound worse, slow onset
-Epiglottitis: Fever/drooling (emergency), abrupt, occurs in slightly older patient; looks sicker

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6
Q

Epiglottitis can lead to sudden ______

A

Asphyxia, go to the ER

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7
Q

Think of Epiglottitis if:

A

-Patient cannot breathe unless sitting up
-Symptoms appear to be worsening
-Child can’t swallow saliva or drools
-Adult cannot swallow

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8
Q

Treatment of Croup/LTB

A

-Office: Adjust, thoracic percussion
-Home care: Mist therapy, cold air therapy (20 mins)

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9
Q

Further care of Croup/LTB

A

Humidify air, hydrate, Vitamin C + Echinacea, thoracic percussion

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10
Q

Treatment of severe croup

A

Epinephrine (to open airways), oxygen

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11
Q

Treatment of epiglottitis

A

-Don’t adjust: can cause sudden asphyxia
-ER referral

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12
Q

Epiglottis triad

A

Dysphagia, Drooling, Distress

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13
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation and/or mass in the laryngeal part of the airway, leading to hoarseness, altered voice sounds and loss of voice

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14
Q

Laryngitis: Chief symptoms

A

Hoarseness, loss of normal voice

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15
Q

Laryngitis: Epidemiology & Risk Factors

A

-Acute laryngitis: Common in winter months, family history, patients who sing or talk for a living
-Chronic, persistent laryngitis: Smokers & people with allergies

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16
Q

Acute laryngitis is caused by:

A

-Viral upper respiratory infectoin
-Overuse of talking

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17
Q

Chronic laryngitis is caused by:

A

-Chronic overuse of voice
-Benign vocal cord nodule or cyst
-Laryngeal cancer

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18
Q

Laryngitis: Contributing factors

A

Dry air, breathing in smoke/dust/gas, allergies, use of corticosteroid inhalers

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19
Q

Main differential diagnoses of Laryngitis

A

-Over-use of the voice
-Viral upper respiratory infection
-Allergic reaction
-Acute exposure to dry/noxious air
-Benign lesions
-Malignant lesions

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20
Q

Chronic Laryngitis: Causes

A

Smoking, occupational exposure, chronic over use of voice
-Less common: Cancer of larynx or lung

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21
Q

Treatment of acute laryngitis

A

-Adjust subluxations
-Treat trigger points

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22
Q

Laryngitis: Patient Self-Care

A

-Resting voice (even whispering)
-Hydrate and humidify air
-Vitamin C: 200-500mg
-Echinacea and zinc
-Throat lozenges or cough drops
-Honey: <1 yoa

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23
Q

Treatment of Laryngeal Cysts, Nodules & Cancer

A

Surgical excision, chemo/radiation therapy (cancer), chiro care, removal of larynx

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24
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Acute inflammation of the mucosa of the pharynx

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25
Q

Sore throat is most common in:

A

School-aged kids

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26
Q

Infecious causes of sore throat

A

-Viruses (70% of cases)
-Other conditions: SLE, canker sores (rare)

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27
Q

Miscellaneous causes of sore throat

A

Burns, cancer, leukemia, irradiation, chemotherapy, polyps

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28
Q

Most common cause of sore throat to rule out is:

A

Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS)

29
Q

Strep throat requires antibiotic treatment due to risk of a serious complication called:

A

Rheumatic fever

30
Q

Viral sore throat

A

Usually not severe or prolonged
-Usually cold symptoms are present

31
Q

In young adults with viral sore throat consider:

A

Infectious mononucleosis

32
Q

Sore throat from Post nasal drip

A

Irritation of the nasal mucosa can lead to increased mucus secretion

33
Q

Causes of post nasal drip

A

Colds, sinusitis, allergies

34
Q

Treatment of postnasal drip

A

1 teaspoon of liquid antacid at bedtime

35
Q

Manifestations of Sore Throat

A

-Viral upper respiratory infection
-GABHS pharyngitis (sore throat): Absence of cold symptoms

36
Q

GABHS/Strep throat includes

A

-Fever up to 105 degrees F
-Lymphdenopathy, especially tonsilar node
-Red and swollen pharynx and tonsils
-White tonilar exudates*
-Pain on swallowing: without cold symptoms

37
Q

Scarlet fever is caused by:

A

GABHS infection

38
Q

Symptoms of Scarlet Fever

A

-Characteristic rash w/ paleness around mouth circumoral pallor
-Red bumpy tongue, fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches

39
Q

GABHS Pharyngitis is most common in

A

Patients aged 6-12 yoa

40
Q

GABHS Pharyngitis can lead to

A

Acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis
(But usually self-resolves)

41
Q

Diagnosis of GABHS

A

Rapid Step Test
Throat culture

42
Q

Treatment of sore throat

A

OTC, analgesics, warm saline gargle, antibiotics

43
Q

Rheumatic fever: Highest risk

A

Kids 5-15 yoa
-Can cause permenent damage to the heart

44
Q

Rheumatic Fever: Symptoms

A

-1-4 weeks after strep throat
-Migrating polyarthritis & carditis (

45
Q

Rheumatic fever can be prevented if antibiotic therapy is initiated within:

A

9-12 days of onset of strep infection

46
Q

Rheumatic Fever Complications

A

Carditis: Heart Valves (1st)
-Migratory Polyarthritis (2nd MC)
-Chorea: Less Common

47
Q

Rheumatic Fever: Treatment

A

Antibiotics (Penicillin)
-Monitor hear function

48
Q

Follow-up Care: Rheumatic Fever

A

Chiro care, prebiotics

49
Q

Diptheria

A

Acute contagious disease

50
Q

Diptheria is characterized by a ___ that:

A

Extotoxin;
1. Forms fibrinous pseudomembrane
2. Causes myocardial damage
3. Causes neural tissue damage

51
Q

Diptheria is caused by:

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

52
Q

Progression of Diptheriae

A

Fatigue
Dysphagia
Signs of toxemia
Prostration
-Complications: Myocarditis and toxic neuritis (CNs then motor weakeness)

53
Q

Treatment of Diptheriae

A

-Diptheria antitoxin, antibiotics, best rest, isolate patient until cultures are negative

54
Q

Prevention: Diptheriae

A

DPT VAccine
-Shick Test

55
Q

Pertussis

A

An acute, highly contagious bacterial disease characterized by a paroxysmal or spasmodic cough that usually ends in prolonged, high-pitched, crowing

56
Q

Pertussis is caused by:

A

Bordatella pertussis
-Transmitted by respiratory droplets

57
Q

Patients with pertussis are not usually infectious/contagious after:

A

3rd week of paroxysmal phase

58
Q

50% of pertussis cases are in:

A

Children less than 2 yoa
(More common in developing countries)

59
Q

Incubation period of pertussis

A

7-17 days

60
Q

Manifestations of Pertussis

A

-Low Grade Fever
-Symptoms usually last 6 weeks

61
Q

Stages of Pertussis

A
  1. Catarrhal (cold symptoms)
  2. Paroxysmal (coughing jags)
  3. Covalescent (healing)
62
Q

Catarrhal Stage (Pertussis)

A

-Often looks like a bad chest cold or bronchitis
-Fever is rare

63
Q

Paroxysmal Stage

A

-After 10-14 days
-Coughing jabs
-Vomitting is common (mucus is emetic)

64
Q

Convalescent Stage

A

-Begins about 4 weeks after onset of illness
-Gradual decrease in frequency
-Patient looks/feels better

65
Q

Diagnosis of pertussis

A

-Looks like cold but doesnt go away
-Child <2: Coughing jags, inspiratory whoop, vomitting, abscence of fever
-70% lymphocytes

66
Q

Pertussis: Prognosis/Complications

A

-Pertussis is serious in kids <2 yoa
-Complications: Asphyxia, Pneumonia, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Otitis media

67
Q

Treatment of Pertussis

A

Avoid cough triggers, bed rest/fluids
-Experctorants and cough suppressants not helpful & should be avoided

68
Q

Prophylaxis: Prevention

A

-DPT vaccine
-Quarantine Early
-Exposted people should get a booster shot

EENT (7 decks)

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