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A-level History - America > Thresholds economy (for sources) > Flashcards

Thresholds economy (for sources) Flashcards

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1
Q

wartime years … national income, wealth & industrial production …

A

1941-45
more than doubled

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2
Q

by … full employment

A

1945

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3
Q

(1955) working & middle class Ams tended to buy … = … average family income

A

Chevrolets & Fords
~2/5

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4
Q

by … … Ams owned at least 1 car

A

1960
75%

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5
Q

companies changed styles & facilities e.g. … -> during 50s … cars discarded every year

A

colours, chrome-painted metal parts, white-walled tyres, air con
~7mil

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6
Q

(cars) wealthy white men favoured …

A

Lincolns & Cadillacs

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7
Q

Detroit = hub - …

A

General Motors, Ford & Chrysler

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8
Q

(~50s) … Ams worked in industry related to car manufacture

A

1 in 7

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9
Q

on-the-road culture = … first Holiday Inn, by … … McDonald’s

A

1952
1960
228

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10
Q

first Levittown in … … -> by … … Ams in suburbs

A

Long Island
1947
1970
80mil

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11
Q

National Interstate & Defences Highway Act … = … year … programme to create network … interstate highways

A

1956
10
$25bn
42,500 miles

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12
Q

… white-collar workers (associated with …) outnumbered blue-collar for first time

A

1956
office work & service industries

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13
Q

1960 2x as many women in work as … & … all women over … held job

A

1940
40%
16

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14
Q

Korean War … -> defence spending = …

A

1950-53
‘military-industrial complex’

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15
Q

1960 … more purchasing power than …

A

30%
1950

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16
Q

… Life magazine = teenagers owned … record players & spent … on entertainment in …

A

1959
10mil
over $1.5bn
1958

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17
Q

(~50s) teenagers = … glasses ice cream per year

A

145mil

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18
Q

(~50s) … 18-19 year old girls married

A

1/3

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19
Q

Federal Housing Administration & Veteran Administration offered mortgages up to … & up to … to pay back at low interest

A

90%
30 years

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20
Q

… … = first credit card

A

1950
Diner’s Club

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21
Q

by … mail order company … had … customers bought on credit

A

1960
Sears Roebuck
10mil

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22
Q

‘Sun Belt’ cities = …

A

Dallas, San Diego, LA, Houston, Miami

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23
Q

by 1960 median income white family …, non-white family …

A

~$5,800
~$3,200

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24
Q

escape rural poverty & racial discrim = USA’s largest … cities gained … non-white residents in 50s

A

12
18mil

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25
Q

recessions: …, … & …

A

1974-75
1980
1981-82

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26
Q

*(70s) inflation average … … -> … …

A

8.2%
1973-83
13.4%
1980

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27
Q

(70s) … poll = … Ams considered inflation greatest concern

A

1978
63%

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28
Q

*(70s) unemp … by …

A

8.9%
May 1975

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29
Q

(70s) Rust Belt = previously well-paid -> unemp e.g. … & …

A

car manufacturing in Detroit
steel production in Pennsylvania

30
Q

(70s) manufacturing provided … jobs Pennsylvania in … -> … in …

A

46%
1951
24%
1977

31
Q

(70s) … world’s pop US consumed … world’s oil production = … had to be imported

A

6%
1/3
~30%

32
Q

*Yom Kippur War … = global oil prices rose …, Am. consumers paid … more for heating oil & petrol

A

1973
4x
~30%

33
Q

(70s) … gas shortages = closure schools/factories, fuel stations cut hours

A

winter 1976-77

34
Q

… Islamic revolution in Iran = oil … a barrel … -> … in …

A

1979
$3
1973
$34
1979

35
Q

(70s) US still produced … world’s goods but … (period) industrial productivity only rose … - W Germany & Japan …

A

25%
1972-78
1%
4-5%

36
Q

(70s) competition - Japanese electronics …, European electronics … & European aerospace technology …

A

Hitachi, Sony, Toshiba
Philips & Siemens
Sud Aviation

37
Q

… 3rd biggest car company … needed … gov. bailout

A

1980
Chrysler
$1.5bn

38
Q

((70s)trade defecit … by …)

A

~$40bn
1978-79

39
Q

(F) WIN (…) … - voluntary measures

A

Whip Inflation Now
1974

40
Q

(F) Energy Policy & Conservation Act …

A

1975

41
Q

(C) Public Works Act … = … public works programme & expanded tax credits for low income families with children

A

1977
$4bn

42
Q

(C) National Energy Plan … & National Energy Act … tried radical proposals e.g. … = Senators rejected much as not consulted, hostility business community, voters didn’t want to change lifestyles

A

1977
1978
higher taxes on large cars, oil conservation, alternative power sources

43
Q

(C) Dep of Energy … = speed limits & alternative energy -> US energy consumption fell … …

A

1977
10%
1979-83

44
Q

(C) Airline Deregulation Act … abolished …, same principle applied to …

A

1978
Civil Aeronautics Board
lorry & communications industry

45
Q

(C) Paul Volcker appointed to … … = interest rates raised to …

A

Fed Reserve Boards
1979
20%

46
Q

1980 stagflation = unemp …, inflation averaging …, fed debt …

A

7.5%
12-13%
$73.8bn

47
Q

(R) Omnibus Reconciliation Act … cut gov spending on … programmes

A

1981
over 300

48
Q

(R) social spending fell average annual rate …

A

1.5%

49
Q

(R) homeless inc … to …

A

200,000
400,000

50
Q

(R) by … fed defence expenditure = … GDP

A

1983
23.5%

51
Q

(R) fed defence expenditure … in …, … in …

A

~$700bn
1980
~$860bn
1987

52
Q

(R) … … new jobs created, real GNP grew … …

A

1980-88
16mil
11% 1980-84

53
Q

R budget defecit … that of predecessors & national debt inc … to … during presidency

A

over 5x
$1 trillion
$2.6 trillion

54
Q

1988 inflation …, unemp …

A

4.7%
5.2%

55
Q

(R) … … new jobs created, real GNP grew … …

A

1980-88
16mil
11%
1981-84

56
Q

(R) Economic Recovery Act … = cut individual & corporate taxes

A

1981

57
Q

(R) Tax Reform Act … lowered top rate taxation …, raised bottom rate …

A

1986
50% to 28%
11% to 15%

58
Q

(R) cut staff regulatory agencies …

A

25%

59
Q

(R) deregulated savings & loan industry -> econ crash …

A

1989-90

60
Q

… members of PATCO (…) on strike … against deregulation -> refused R’s demand to return to work within … = R sacked all

A

11,300
Professional Air Traffic Controllers
1981
48 hours

61
Q

R appointed … conservatives to judiciary

A

over 400

62
Q

J spending … = … on Great Society, … V War

A

1965-73
$15.5bn
$120bn

63
Q

*N … EPA (…) & OSHA (…)

A

1970
Environmental Protection Agency
Occupational Safety & Health Administration

64
Q

N New Economic Policy … = first peacetime wage freeze

A

1971

65
Q

C criticism of striking miners …

A

1977

66
Q

by 1992 fed budget deficit …

A

$400bn

67
Q

(B) … fed income tax raised … to …

A

1990
28%
31%

68
Q

Bush cut military & domestic expenditure …

A

$492bn

69
Q

(Bush) Fed Reserve Board lowered interest rates to … = not enough to counter effects recession

A

3.5%

70
Q

(Bush) NAFTA = …

A

North American Free Trade Agreement

71
Q

Bush … num receiving support from Head Start

A

doubled

A-level History - America (7 decks)

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