personal freedoms & civil rights (for sources) Flashcards
Jim Crow laws introduced in Old South after …
1877
Plessy vs. Ferguson … - ‘separate but equal facilities’ equal
1896
(pre-1955) … black Ams unable to vote
80%
… … year old Emmett Till murdered in Mississippi
1955
14
NAACP (…) created …
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
1909
Brown vs Topeka Board of Education
1954
Montgomery Bus Boycott … - started by Rosa Parks …
1955-56
1st Dec 1955
… black community joined bus boycott, company lost … revenue - case … made segregation buses illegal
85%
65%
Browder vs. Gayle 1956
Little Rock campaign … - … black students enrolled at Central High School, opposed by local Governor …
1957
9
Faubus
Greensboro sit ins … spread to … more states with … people, profits dropped …
1960
6
over 70,000
1/3
Freedom Rides … = tested … ruling against segregation interstate bus services
1961
Boynton vs Virginia 1960
University of Mississippi James Meredith …, Governor … refused
1962
Ross Barnett
Birmingham Campaign …, only … pop registered to vote
1963
10%
(Birmingham) taunted Police Chief … -> .. police attacked with fire hoses & imprisoned … black children, Soviet media … radio time to protest
‘Bull’ Connor
3rd May
1,300
1/5
March on Washington …, … people, … white
Aug 1963
250,000
20%
Civil Rights Act … = banned exclusion public places, Attorney-General could file law suits to speed up desegregation, … set up
1964
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Mississippi Freedom Summer … organised by …, … black pop had been registered
1964
SNCC member Robert Moses
under 5%
(Mississippi Freedom Summer) … homes & … black churches firebombed, … civil rights workers abducted & killed, only … out of … successfully registered
30
37
3
1,600
17,000
Selma Campaign … … pop black, … registered to vote, police led by …
1965
57%
less than 1%
Sheriff Jim Clark
Selma … march to Montgomery, by finish (3rd attempt) … people joined
50 mile
25,000
Voting Rights Act … - black Ams elected to office increased 6 fold … & doubled …
1965
1965-69
1969-80
by 1968 even Mississippi had … black pop registered to vote
59%
early 60s only … black students graduated high school, … white students
32%
56%
early 60s black Ams … of pop, … of unemp
11%
46%
Harlem Riot … 15 year old …shot 7 killed by police -> … nights rioting & looting by … New Yorkers
1964
James Powell
6 nights
4,000
Watts Riot … = … days looting & arson, … deaths, … property damage, (… members Cali Army Nat Guard needed to help police)
1965
6
34
over $40mil
nearly 4,000
Chicago Freedom Movement … - only … of estimated … attended rally in …, Mayor … cut off water to western ghetto during heatwave
1966
30,000
100,000
June
Richard Daley
Poor People’s Campaign …
1968
Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike …
1968
King’s assassination … - … joined procession, violence in … cities across … states
4th April 1968
50,000
130
29
Albany campaign … local police chief …
1962
Laurie Pritchett
‘pupil placement plan’ created in … in response to Brown ruling
Mississippi
The Southern Manifesto signed by … congressmen & senators in …
100
1956
… Civil Rights Act = Strom Thurmond … filibuster -> amended
1957
over 24hr
MLK’s house bombed by KKK in … & motel room during …
1956
Birmingham campaign
… NAACP secretary for Mississippi assassinated …, killer never brought to trial
Medgar Evers
1963
first White Citizens’ Council set up in Mississippi …, by … membership = …
1954
1956
250,000
Malcolm X assassinated …
1965
Mexico City Olympics … - men’s … medal ceremony … made Black Power salute wearing black leather gloves
1984
400m
Tommy Smith & John Carlos
… formed all-black band using non-Western instruments
Miles Davis
Nation of Islam established …
1930
Black Panthers founded in … in Oakland by …
1966
Huey P. Newton & Bobby Seale
Black Panthers only … members in … loosely affiliated urban chapters but newspaper circulation … by … & … clinics advising on health, welfare & legal rights
5,000
30
~250,000
1969
over 40
Black Panthers in decline by …, … alone … members killed by police in shootouts
1972
1969
28
Stokely Carmichael leader of SNCC from …, wrote book Black Power …, SNCC expelled white members
1966
1967
Dec 1966
… speech by Rap Brown (new SNCC chairperson) in … -> race riot
1967
Cambridge, Maryland
… Floyd McKissik chairperson of CORE, by … ‘multiracial’ removed from constitution & … whites excluded
1966
1967
summer 1968
Mex Ams working seasonally only employed average … days/year & Chicano families = … Californian welfare cases
134
80%
LULAC = …
League of the United Latin Am Citizens
Cesar Chavez set up … - membership … in … -> … in …
National Farm Workers Association (NFWA)
200
1962
over 1,200
1965
La Huelga = … strike from …, involved … farm workers against California’s …
5 year
1965
over 10,000
San Joaquin Valley grape growers
NFWA joined forces with … to create …
Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (union of Filipino farm workers)
United Farm Workers (UFW)
Chavez organised … march The Pilgrimage to offices Governor of Cali
340-mile
… nat boycott of grapes (help of Senator R K) supported by … Ams at peak
1966
17mil
… Schenley Vineyards negotiated fair contract with farm workers & by … Delano grape producers forced to bring pay up to nat min wage
1966
1970
California Agricultural Labor Relations Act … gave agricultural unions legal rights
1975
by late 80s UFW members only harvested … grapes
10%
… Mex Am Political Association (MAPA) created = voter registration & support running for public office -> MAPA President … elected to HofR …
1960
Edward Roybal
1962
YCCA = …, involved in Chicano blowouts of …
Youth Chicanos for Community Action
1968
by 1963 … women worked in lower paying & routine jobs or cleaners/hospital attendants
75%
early 60s women … teachers only … principals, … doctors & … lawyers
80%
10&
7%
3%
… states refused to allow female jurors, … = women couldn’t enter financial agreement without male co-signatory
18
6
Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique … - break out of …
1963
‘comfortable concentration camp’
… Friedan & others formed Nat Organisation for Women (NOW) - unhappy … refused to enforce …
gov’s Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC)
Title VII of 1964 CRA
NOW produced Bill of Rights for Women … & gained nat attention in … for flight attendants fight (could e fired for marriage or turning …)
1968
1967
32
NOW organised nat women’s strike in … = … women
1970
~100,000 women
J. exec order in … outlawed sexual discrim in companies working for gov
1967
NOW fought … discrim cases & won … in back pay by …
over 1,000
$13mil
1971
Equal Rights Amendment … never ratified
1972
N vetoed Child Development Act …, would have been nat system healthcare for poor working mothers
1971
1960 … women felt discriminated against, … by …
1/4
2/3
1974
NY Radical Feminists established by …
Shulasmith Firestone
Ti-Grace Atkinson left NOW in … to form … in NYC
1968
The Feminists
NYRW organised protest … women against Miss Am pageant …
over 100
1968
1963-72 sexual liberation
.