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A-level History - America > essays: personal freedoms & civil rights > Flashcards

essays: personal freedoms & civil rights Flashcards

1
Q

Birmingham campaign … taunted Police Chief … -> fire hoses & arrested … black children

A

1963
Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor
1,300

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2
Q

Civil Rights Act …

A

1964

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3
Q

Selma …, … black pop registered to vote, … led demonstrations to provoke …

A

1965
less than 1%
SCLC & SNCC
Sheriff Jim Clark

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4
Q

Selma march to Montgomery on … = Bloody Sunday, 3rd attempt on …, by finish … people had joined

A

7th March
26th March
25,000

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5
Q

Voting Rights Act passed in Congress … after Selma march

A

5 months

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6
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott … - … black community boycott buses, company lost … revenue & desegregrated

A

1955
85%
65%

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7
Q

March on Washington … = … people gathered at Lincoln Memorial peacefully, … white

A

1963
250,000
20%

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8
Q

Chicago Freedom Movement … - … joined march in … (out of estimated …) but met with violent backlash, little progress in negotiations with …

A

1966
30,000
June
100,000
Mayor Richard Daley

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9
Q

Harlem Riot … = 15 year old … shot & killed by police officer -> … rioting & looting by … New Yorkers

A

1964
James Powell
6 nights
4,000

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10
Q

Watts Riot … = … looting & arson, … deaths & … property damage

A

1965
6 days
34
over $40mil

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11
Q

by … Black Power established as alternative philosophy

A

1966

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12
Q

black nationalism = …
black supremacy = …

A

self-determination, black people should govern themselves
black people should be entirely in control of own destiny

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13
Q

Black Panthers founded in … in … by …

A

Oakland, Cali
1966
Huey P. Newton & Bobby Seale

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14
Q

by … Black Panthers in decline following major FBI clampdown - … alone … members killed by police in shootouts

A

1972
1969
28

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15
Q

Stokely Carmichael leader of SNCC from … - rejected interracial protest & … SNCC expelled all white members

A

1966
Dec 1966

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16
Q

… Floyd McKissick became chairperson of CORE - … whites excluded

A

1966
summer of 1968

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17
Q

Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike …

A

1968

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18
Q

… chairperson of SNCC Rap Brown (supported black armed defence against police) gave speech in … calling to take over white-owned stores in black ghettos -> race riot

A

July 1967
Cambridge, Maryland

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19
Q

Poor People’s Campaign - by … SCLC had support from some trade unions & religious groups

A

March 1968

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20
Q

César Chávez set up … = created credit union & insurance scheme & had advisors

A

Nat Farm Workers Association (NFWA)

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21
Q

La Huelga = … strike from …, involved … farm workers against Cali’s …

A

5 year
1965
over 10,000
San Joaquin Valley grape growers

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22
Q

NFWA joined forces with union of Filipino farm workers to create …

A

United Farm Workers (UFW)

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23
Q

… Schenley Vineyards negotiated fair contract with farm workers & by … Delano grape producers forced to bring pay up to nat min wage

A

1966
1970

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24
Q

King assassinated …, … joined procession & violence in … cities across … states, … arrested

A

4th April 1968
more than 50,000
130
29
20,000

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25
Voting Rights Act ...
1965
26
NOW's 'Bill of Rights for Women' ... demanded gov enforce ...
1968 Title VII of CRA
27
protest of ... women at Miss Am pageant ... organised by ...
over 100 1968 NY Radical Women
28
Mattachine Society created ... to promote greater tolerance, ... small group marched in front of White House to protest repression homosexual people
1950 1965
29
... Stonewall riots = ... rioting to protest police harassment
1969 5 days
30
... National Mobilization Committee to End the War demonstration in Washington as part of Stop the Draft Week = ... attended, attacked by ... police with clubs, retaliated
1967 over 100,000 2,000
31
NOW awareness campaign in ... of flight attendants fight against airlines
1967
32
NOW used litigation e.g. ... - fought ... discrim cases & won ... in back pay by ...
Weeks vs Southern Bell over 1,000 $13mil 1971
33
UFW led ... march The Pilgrimage
340-mile
34
Betty Friedan formed NOW in ...
1966
35
by 1973 ... gay & lesbian organisations
almost 800
36
Woodstock rock festival in ... attended by ...
1969 400,000
37
Kinsey Report ... generated more open discussion of sex = suggested ... Am males & ... females had sex before marriage
1948-52 68% 50%
38
... Hair musical
1968
39
Equal Rights Amendment ... never ratified by states
1972
40
N vetoed ... Child Development Act, would have provided free childcare for poor working mothers
1971
41
abortion illegal until ...
1973
42
... CIA & FBI launched ... against radical groups, aimed to destroy Black Panthers
1967 Operation Chaos
43
protests against political literature restrictions in Berkeley, Uni of Cali ... -> nat student protests
winter 1964-65
44
contraceptive pill approved by FDA in ...
1960
45
American Psychiatric Society classified homosexuality as mental illness until ...
1974
46
N won landslide victory in ... against '3As' candidate ... - advocated in favour of ... = N won ... states & ... vote
1972 George McGovern 'acid, abortion & amnesty' 49/50 over 60%
47
Jo Freeman produced newsletter ... in ..., encouraged formation of groups which held 'consciousness-raising' meetings
Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement 1967
48
1960 ... women said felt discriminated against, ... by ...
1/4 2/3 1974
49
num couples cohabiting increased: ... 1955, ... 1960, ... 1970 & ... 1980
250,000 500,000 750,000 ~2mil
50
1969 ... women believed premarital sex wrong, ... by ...
74% 53% 1974
51
... San Francisco elected first openly homosexual political official (a city supervisor) ...
1977 Harvey Milk
52
... legalised abortion in Roe vs. Wade = could abort in first ... - before this abortion crime in ... states & legal only in certain cases in ...
Jan 1973 13 weeks 30 20
53
by 1977 ... legal abortions
1.7mil
54
(70s) ... female college students agreed 'the idea that the woman's place is in the home is nonsense'
2/3
55
1970 ... women over 16 in workforce, ... 1980
43% 52%
56
most male-only colleges & unis opened doors to women in ...
70s & 80s
57
... San Francisco banned emp discrim on grounds sexual orientation, same in NYC in ...
1972 1979
58
activists helped repeal laws discriminating against LGBT people in ..., ... & ...
Miami, Florida St Paul, Minnesota Wichita, Kansas
59
... Dem party platform supported equality for all
1980
60
Equal Pay Act ... & Safety at Work Act ... = employers required to treat female & male workers equally & ensure greater safety in workplace
1970 1970
61
Rehabilitation Act ... = equal opportunity for emp within fed gov & fed funded programmes for those with disabilities
1973
62
Nat Right to Life Committee set up ... by Catholic Church
1967
63
despite Equal Pay Act ... professional women's salaries average ... men's salaries
1963 73%
64
(70s) ... US adults classified as 'poor' = women
66%
65
Phyllis Schlafly established Stop ERA in ..., ... members
1972 50,000
66
Harvey Milk & Mayor Moscone assassinated ...
1978
67
(70s) relocation business from ... to ... destroyed whole communities in ...
Rust Belt Sun Belt Northeast & Midwest
68
... saw revival sweatshops in garment industry in ...
70s NYC & LA
69
women's wages ... men's in 1960, only ... by ...
61% 65% 1985
70
C. introduced Labour Law Reform bill ... in attempt to extent workers' rights but dramatically amended
1978
71
by 1980 ... women over 16 in workforce, by 1990 ...
52% 57.8%
72
... Equal Employment Opportunity Commission stated sexual harassment form of sex discrim
1980
73
Meritor Savings Bank v Vinson ... enabled women to take legal action over harassment in workplace
1986
74
female share of professional jobs increased from ... to ... & ... to ... in managerial roles 1972-85
44% 49% 20% 36%
75
half all college graduates female in ... & earned ... degrees in law, business, accounting & computer science
1985 1/3
76
... Sally Ride first US woman in space
1983
77
(80s) ... doctors & lawyers women
less than 20%
78
Sup Court case ... = women could be denied access abortion facilities according to ... state law
Webster Missouri
79
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania vs. Casey ... = upheld state law, required counselling & wait 24hrs before abortion
1992
80
... Dem presidential candidate ... announced ... as running mate
1984 Walter Mondale Geraldine Ferrero
81
R appointed Sandra Day O'Connor first female Sup Court justice ...
1981
82
... first modern president to appoint woman to cabinet
Ford
83
1979-80 ... Congresswomen & ... female Senators
16 no
84
declaration ... = 'Year of the Woman'
1992
85
1991-92 ... Congresswomen & ... Senators
28 2
86
1993 ... out of ... in HofR women & ... out of ... Senators
47 435 7 50
87
Child Support Recovery Act ...
1992
88
Women's Business Ownership Act ...
1988
89
proportion black students who went straight to college ... 1983 -> ... 1992
38.2% 51.5% 1992
90
num black business from ... to ... by 1992
few thousand 621,000
91
1970-90 num Hispanic Ams with college ed increased ... & Nat Ams ...
1/3 20%
92
by 1988 ... black children attended schools more than 50% white
43%
93
Oprah Winfrey Show no 1 talk show for ...
2 decades
94
... LA School Board agreed to bilingual education
1989
95
Native Am Grave Protection & Repatriation Act ... enabled retrieve remains of ancestors
1990
96
1970-90 ... black Ams in poverty & twice as likely to be poor & unemp twice as high (compared to white)
30%
97
1990 median black household income ..., white ...
$24,000 $40,000
98
(80s) ... Hispanic Ams below poverty line
~1/4
99
(80s) Native Am income ... nat average
less than half
100
... Bernhard Goetz confronted by 4 black youths, shot & one brain damaged, only ... in prison
1984 8 months
101
... Duro v Reina case = tribal courts didn't have jurisdiction over someone not member of tribe
1990
102
... voters approved ... (English is the Official Language) amending Cali constitution
1986 Proposition 63
103
1968-... Hispanic Ams in mostly minority schools rose ... to ...
1995 55% 74%
104
... & ... more effective at lobbying -> Immigration Reform Controls Act ...
LULAC Mex Am Legal Defence & Educational Fund 1986
105
Merrion case ... supported tribal sovereignty & tax powers
1982
106
... Harold Washington mayor of Chicago & ... Jesse Jackson serious run for Dem presidential nomination
1983 1988
107
R appointed first Hispanic cabinet member ... & num in HofR rose ... 1970 to ... 1980 & ... 1992
1988 5 10 17

A-level History - America (11 decks)

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