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A-level History - America > essays: personal freedoms & civil rights > Flashcards

essays: personal freedoms & civil rights Flashcards

1
Q

Birmingham campaign … taunted Police Chief … -> fire hoses & arrested … black children

A

1963
Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor
1,300

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2
Q

Civil Rights Act …

A

1964

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3
Q

Selma …, … black pop registered to vote, … led demonstrations to provoke …

A

1965
less than 1%
SCLC & SNCC
Sheriff Jim Clark

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4
Q

Selma march to Montgomery on … = Bloody Sunday, 3rd attempt on …, by finish … people had joined

A

7th March
26th March
25,000

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5
Q

Voting Rights Act passed in Congress … after Selma march

A

5 months

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6
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott … - … black community boycott buses, company lost … revenue & desegregrated

A

1955
85%
65%

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7
Q

March on Washington … = … people gathered at Lincoln Memorial peacefully, … white

A

1963
250,000
20%

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8
Q

Chicago Freedom Movement … - … joined march in … (out of estimated …) but met with violent backlash, little progress in negotiations with …

A

1966
30,000
June
100,000
Mayor Richard Daley

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9
Q

Harlem Riot … = 15 year old … shot & killed by police officer -> … rioting & looting by … New Yorkers

A

1964
James Powell
6 nights
4,000

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10
Q

Watts Riot … = … looting & arson, … deaths & … property damage

A

1965
6 days
34
over $40mil

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11
Q

by … Black Power established as alternative philosophy

A

1966

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12
Q

black nationalism = …
black supremacy = …

A

self-determination, black people should govern themselves
black people should be entirely in control of own destiny

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13
Q

Black Panthers founded in … in … by …

A

Oakland, Cali
1966
Huey P. Newton & Bobby Seale

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14
Q

by … Black Panthers in decline following major FBI clampdown - … alone … members killed by police in shootouts

A

1972
1969
28

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15
Q

Stokely Carmichael leader of SNCC from … - rejected interracial protest & … SNCC expelled all white members

A

1966
Dec 1966

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16
Q

… Floyd McKissick became chairperson of CORE - … whites excluded

A

1966
summer of 1968

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17
Q

Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike …

A

1968

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18
Q

… chairperson of SNCC Rap Brown (supported black armed defence against police) gave speech in … calling to take over white-owned stores in black ghettos -> race riot

A

July 1967
Cambridge, Maryland

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19
Q

Poor People’s Campaign - by … SCLC had support from some trade unions & religious groups

A

March 1968

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20
Q

César Chávez set up … = created credit union & insurance scheme & had advisors

A

Nat Farm Workers Association (NFWA)

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21
Q

La Huelga = … strike from …, involved … farm workers against Cali’s …

A

5 year
1965
over 10,000
San Joaquin Valley grape growers

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22
Q

NFWA joined forces with union of Filipino farm workers to create …

A

United Farm Workers (UFW)

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23
Q

… Schenley Vineyards negotiated fair contract with farm workers & by … Delano grape producers forced to bring pay up to nat min wage

A

1966
1970

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24
Q

King assassinated …, … joined procession & violence in … cities across … states, … arrested

A

4th April 1968
more than 50,000
130
29
20,000

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25
Q

Voting Rights Act …

A

1965

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26
Q

NOW’s ‘Bill of Rights for Women’ … demanded gov enforce …

A

1968
Title VII of CRA

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27
Q

protest of … women at Miss Am pageant … organised by …

A

over 100
1968
NY Radical Women

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28
Q

Mattachine Society created … to promote greater tolerance, … small group marched in front of White House to protest repression homosexual people

A

1950
1965

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29
Q

… Stonewall riots = … rioting to protest police harassment

A

1969
5 days

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30
Q

… National Mobilization Committee to End the War demonstration in Washington as part of Stop the Draft Week = … attended, attacked by … police with clubs, retaliated

A

1967
over 100,000
2,000

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31
Q

NOW awareness campaign in … of flight attendants fight against airlines

A

1967

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32
Q

NOW used litigation e.g. … - fought … discrim cases & won … in back pay by …

A

Weeks vs Southern Bell
over 1,000
$13mil
1971

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33
Q

UFW led … march The Pilgrimage

A

340-mile

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34
Q

Betty Friedan formed NOW in …

A

1966

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35
Q

by 1973 … gay & lesbian organisations

A

almost 800

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36
Q

Woodstock rock festival in … attended by …

A

1969
400,000

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37
Q

Kinsey Report … generated more open discussion of sex = suggested … Am males & … females had sex before marriage

A

1948-52
68%
50%

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38
Q

… Hair musical

A

1968

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39
Q

Equal Rights Amendment … never ratified by states

A

1972

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40
Q

N vetoed … Child Development Act, would have provided free childcare for poor working mothers

A

1971

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41
Q

abortion illegal until …

A

1973

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42
Q

… CIA & FBI launched … against radical groups, aimed to destroy Black Panthers

A

1967
Operation Chaos

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43
Q

protests against political literature restrictions in Berkeley, Uni of Cali … -> nat student protests

A

winter 1964-65

44
Q

contraceptive pill approved by FDA in …

A

1960

45
Q

American Psychiatric Society classified homosexuality as mental illness until …

A

1974

46
Q

N won landslide victory in … against ‘3As’ candidate … - advocated in favour of … = N won … states & … vote

A

1972
George McGovern
‘acid, abortion & amnesty’
49/50
over 60%

47
Q

Jo Freeman produced newsletter … in …, encouraged formation of groups which held ‘consciousness-raising’ meetings

A

Voice of the Women’s Liberation Movement
1967

48
Q

1960 … women said felt discriminated against, … by …

A

1/4
2/3
1974

49
Q

num couples cohabiting increased: … 1955, … 1960, … 1970 & … 1980

A

250,000
500,000
750,000
~2mil

50
Q

1969 … women believed premarital sex wrong, … by …

A

74%
53%
1974

51
Q

… San Francisco elected first openly homosexual political official (a city supervisor) …

A

1977
Harvey Milk

52
Q

… legalised abortion in Roe vs. Wade = could abort in first … - before this abortion crime in … states & legal only in certain cases in …

A

Jan 1973
13 weeks
30
20

53
Q

by 1977 … legal abortions

A

1.7mil

54
Q

(70s) … female college students agreed ‘the idea that the woman’s place is in the home is nonsense’

A

2/3

55
Q

1970 … women over 16 in workforce, … 1980

A

43%
52%

56
Q

most male-only colleges & unis opened doors to women in …

A

70s & 80s

57
Q

… San Francisco banned emp discrim on grounds sexual orientation, same in NYC in …

A

1972
1979

58
Q

activists helped repeal laws discriminating against LGBT people in …, … & …

A

Miami, Florida
St Paul, Minnesota
Wichita, Kansas

59
Q

… Dem party platform supported equality for all

A

1980

60
Q

Equal Pay Act … & Safety at Work Act … = employers required to treat female & male workers equally & ensure greater safety in workplace

A

1970
1970

61
Q

Rehabilitation Act … = equal opportunity for emp within fed gov & fed funded programmes for those with disabilities

A

1973

62
Q

Nat Right to Life Committee set up … by Catholic Church

A

1967

63
Q

despite Equal Pay Act … professional women’s salaries average … men’s salaries

A

1963
73%

64
Q

(70s) … US adults classified as ‘poor’ = women

A

66%

65
Q

Phyllis Schlafly established Stop ERA in …, … members

A

1972
50,000

66
Q

Harvey Milk & Mayor Moscone assassinated …

A

1978

67
Q

(70s) relocation business from … to … destroyed whole communities in …

A

Rust Belt
Sun Belt
Northeast & Midwest

68
Q

… saw revival sweatshops in garment industry in …

A

70s
NYC & LA

69
Q

women’s wages … men’s in 1960, only … by …

A

61%
65%
1985

70
Q

C. introduced Labour Law Reform bill … in attempt to extent workers’ rights but dramatically amended

A

1978

71
Q

by 1980 … women over 16 in workforce, by 1990 …

A

52%
57.8%

72
Q

… Equal Employment Opportunity Commission stated sexual harassment form of sex discrim

A

1980

73
Q

Meritor Savings Bank v Vinson … enabled women to take legal action over harassment in workplace

A

1986

74
Q

female share of professional jobs increased from … to … & … to … in managerial roles 1972-85

A

44%
49%
20%
36%

75
Q

half all college graduates female in … & earned … degrees in law, business, accounting & computer science

A

1985
1/3

76
Q

… Sally Ride first US woman in space

A

1983

77
Q

(80s) … doctors & lawyers women

A

less than 20%

78
Q

Sup Court case … = women could be denied access abortion facilities according to … state law

A

Webster
Missouri

79
Q

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania vs. Casey … = upheld state law, required counselling & wait 24hrs before abortion

A

1992

80
Q

… Dem presidential candidate … announced … as running mate

A

1984
Walter Mondale
Geraldine Ferrero

81
Q

R appointed Sandra Day O’Connor first female Sup Court justice …

A

1981

82
Q

… first modern president to appoint woman to cabinet

A

Ford

83
Q

1979-80 … Congresswomen & … female Senators

A

16
no

84
Q

declaration … = ‘Year of the Woman’

A

1992

85
Q

1991-92 … Congresswomen & … Senators

A

28
2

86
Q

1993 … out of … in HofR women & … out of … Senators

A

47
435
7
50

87
Q

Child Support Recovery Act …

A

1992

88
Q

Women’s Business Ownership Act …

A

1988

89
Q

proportion black students who went straight to college … 1983 -> … 1992

A

38.2%
51.5%
1992

90
Q

num black business from … to … by 1992

A

few thousand
621,000

91
Q

1970-90 num Hispanic Ams with college ed increased … & Nat Ams …

A

1/3
20%

92
Q

by 1988 … black children attended schools more than 50% white

A

43%

93
Q

Oprah Winfrey Show no 1 talk show for …

A

2 decades

94
Q

… LA School Board agreed to bilingual education

A

1989

95
Q

Native Am Grave Protection & Repatriation Act … enabled retrieve remains of ancestors

A

1990

96
Q

1970-90 … black Ams in poverty & twice as likely to be poor & unemp twice as high (compared to white)

A

30%

97
Q

1990 median black household income …, white …

A

$24,000
$40,000

98
Q

(80s) … Hispanic Ams below poverty line

A

~1/4

99
Q

(80s) Native Am income … nat average

A

less than half

100
Q

… Bernhard Goetz confronted by 4 black youths, shot & one brain damaged, only … in prison

A

1984
8 months

101
Q

… Duro v Reina case = tribal courts didn’t have jurisdiction over someone not member of tribe

A

1990

102
Q

… voters approved … (English is the Official Language) amending Cali constitution

A

1986
Proposition 63

103
Q

1968-… Hispanic Ams in mostly minority schools rose … to …

A

1995
55%
74%

104
Q

… & … more effective at lobbying -> Immigration Reform Controls Act …

A

LULAC
Mex Am Legal Defence & Educational Fund
1986

105
Q

Merrion case … supported tribal sovereignty & tax powers

A

1982

106
Q

… Harold Washington mayor of Chicago & … Jesse Jackson serious run for Dem presidential nomination

A

1983
1988

107
Q

R appointed first Hispanic cabinet member … & num in HofR rose … 1970 to … 1980 & … 1992

A

1988
5
10
17

A-level History - America (10 decks)

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