Thorax Osteology

Question 1

What are the five groups of the vertebral column of the dog from cranial to caudal?

Answer 1

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Caudal

Question 2

The _____ _____ is formed by successive vertebral foramina, within which lies the spinal cord enveloped in its meninges.

Answer 2

Vertebral canal

Question 3

The ______ _______ are the lateral spaces formed between adjacent vertebrae within the vertebral column, allowing ____ ____ to travel from the spinal cord to the periphery.

Answer 3

• Intervertebral foramen

- Spinal nerves

Question 4

The ____ _____ is a fibrocartilaginous structure that connects adjacent vertebral bodies. What are the two parts?

Answer 4

Intervertebral disc

1. Anulus fibrous
2. nucleus pulposus

Question 5

What is a herniated disk?

Answer 5

The rupture of an intervertebral disk

Question 6

The cranial and caudal ____ ____ articulate with the head of the ribs.

Answer 6

costal fovea

Question 7

What is the dog vertebral formula?

Answer 7

C7, T13, L7, S3, Ca~20

Question 8

What are the two parts of the vertebral arch?

Answer 8

Pedicles and lamina

Question 9

What are the components of the vertebral column?

Answer 9

Backbone and spine

Question 10

The backbone in the dog consists of a series of about ____ irregular bones or vertebrae.

Answer 10

50

Question 11

What are the structures of a typical vertebra?

Answer 11

1. Vertebral body: thick, bulky ventral part
2. Vertebral arch: dorsal part arising from the vertebral body consisting of pedicles and lamina
3. Vertebral formamen
4. Processes: for articulation with adjacent vertebrae or attachment for muscles and ligaments; Spinous process, transverse processes, articular processes

Question 12

THe ____ _____ is the most conspicuous feature of the first nine thoracic vertebra.

Answer 12

Spinous Process

Question 13

The first nine thoracic vertebrae are similar, but the last four present minor differences. The point where these differences occur is called the _____ _____. The spinous processes of all vertebra cranial to T11 point ____, and caudal to T11 point ____.

Answer 13

• Anticlinal vertebrae
• Caudally
• Crainially

Question 14

____ ribs are those that directly attach to the sternebrae. What numbers are these ribs?

Answer 14

Sternal

1-9

Question 15

_____ ribs are those that do not directly attach to the sternebrae. What numbers are these ribs?

Answer 15

Asternal

10-13

Question 16

Ribs 10-12 attach to the sternum via the ____ ____, but ribs 13 are considered to be ____ ribs since they end freely and don’t contact with the neighboring rib.

Answer 16

• Costal arch

- Floating ribs

Question 17

For the ribs, the ____ is the dorsal bony part, the ____ ____ is the ventral cartilaginous part, the ____ ____ is the junction between the body and costal cartilage, and the ____ _____ is the space between consecutive ribs.

Answer 17

• Body
• Costal Cartilage
• Costochondral junction
• Intercostal space

Question 18

For the sternum, the ___ is the first sternebra, the ____ ____ joins together cosecutive sternebra, the ____ _____ is the last sternebra, and the ____ ____ is the caudal end of the xiphoid process.

Answer 18

• Manubrim
• Intersternebral cartilage
• Xiphoid process
• xiphoid cartilage