Thoracic Limb Vessels, Lymphatics, and Joints Flashcards
True or False: The arteries, capillaries, and veins form a continuous system lined by an unbroken high friction endothelium.
False, low friction
The morphological differences between the different types of vessels are a result of what?
Their functional requirements
_____ are found to have a thick white wall and seem relatively rigid. They are _____ holders.
- Arteries
- Pressure
_____ carry typically oxygenated blood away from the heart.
arteries
_____ are inter arterial connections that provide an alternate pathway for blood to an area of the body if a more direct route becomes blocked.
Anastomoses
_____ are thin walled, frequently have a collapsed appearance, and are ____ holders.
- Veins
- Volume
What ensures unidirectional blood flow in a vein?
Valves present in repeated intervals
What is the order of the three arteries of the thoracic limb?
- Axillary Artery
- Brachial Artery
- Median Artery
What are the branches of the axillary artery
- Subscapular artery: Thoracodorsal artery and caudal circumflex humeral artery
- Cranial circumflex humeral artery
The _____ ____ ____ artery dives and wraps around the caudal aspect of the proximal humerus. The _____ _____ ____ artery wraps around the cranial aspect of the proximal humerus.
- Caudal Circumflex humeral
- Cranial circumflex humeral
What does the cranial circumflex humeral artery anastomose to?
The caudal circumflex humeral artery
At what point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
After the cranial cranial circumflex humeral
What are the branches of the brachial artery?
- Deep brachial artery
- Superficial brachial artery
- Transverse cubital artery
- Common interosseous artery
The Brachial artery becomes _____ artery after the common interosseous muscle.
Median
The median artery gives rise to the _____ artery, which courses deep to the flexor carpi radialis muscle to the deep structures of the forepaw.
Radial artery
True or False: Arteries change names based on topography rather than branching patterns.
False, Veins change names based on topography rather than branching patterns.
From proximal to distal, name the veins.
- Axillary
- Brachial
- Median
- Cephalic
- Accessory Cephalic
What are the two components of the lymphatic system?
- A system of vessels composed of lymphatic capillaries and larger vessels that return interstitial fluid to the blood stream
- Widely scattered aggregations of lymph tissue, including lymph nodes
Which lymph node matches the description: Deep face of the omotransversarius muscle, drains the skin of the caudal part of the head, lateral surface of the neck, and thoracic limb?
Superficial cervical lymph node
What does the superficial cervical lymph node drain?
Skin of the caudal part of the head, lateral surface of the neck, and thoracic limb
Where is the axillary lymph node found and what does it drain?
- Medial side of the shoulder in the axillary space
- Drains deep structures of the thoracic limb, thoracic wall, and the first three pairs of mammary glands
The _____ _____ lymph node is found with the axillary lymph node, is inconsistent, and drains the same area as the axillary lymph node.
Accessory axillary
_____ are formed when two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissue, or by a combination of these tissues.
Joints
A _____ joint is one that contains a considerable amount of intervening connective tissue with limited movement. Give an example.
- Fibrous
- Sutures between the various skull bones
_____ joints are those that form by the union of some type of cartilage. Give an example.
- Cartilaginous
- Found between the vertebrae
_______ joints are the true joints of the extremities. They provide the greatest degree of movement.
Synovial
Which joints have the most clinical issues with dislocation?
Synovial
What are the four components of all synovial joints?
- Joint Cavity
- Joint capsules with an outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane
- Synovial Fluid
- Articular cartilage
What is responsible for the production of synovial fluid?
The inner synovial membrane of the joint capsule
What lubricates the contact surfaces of synovial joints?
Synovial fluid
The articular cartilage is thicker in which joints?
Those that bear the most weight
What kind of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and where is it located?
- Ball and socket
- Between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
True or False: Luxation of the glenohumeral joint is common.
False, it is rare because the muscles associated with the joint are stabilizers
What are the ligaments of the glenohumeral joint?
- Medial glenohumeral ligament
- Lateral glenohumeral ligament
What kind of movement is the glenohumeral joint capable of?
-Movement in any direction, but chief movements are extension and flexion of the shoulder
The cubital (elbow) joint is what kind of joint? Why is it called a compound joint? What movements is it involved in?
- Hinge type
- The condyle of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius and trochlear notch of the ulna
- Only involved in flexion and extension
What are the two ligaments of the cubital joint?
- Collateral ligaments (lateral collateral ligament and medial collateral ligament)
- Interosseous ligament
The _____ ligament is the collagenous tissue uniting the radius and ulna proximally.
Interosseus
Why is lunation of the elbow uncommon in the dog?
The anconeal process of the ulna projects into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
