The Heart Flashcards
The ____ is the muscular pump of the cardiovascular system. It weighs about ___% of the body weight.
- Heart
- 1
What is the hearts location?
-In the middle mediastinum between the lungs within the thoracic cavity
-Approximately 3rd-6th ribs
Lies a little left of midline
The base of the heart points ______, while the apex, made of the ____ ventricle, points ______.
- Cranioventrally
- Left
- Caudoventrally
The heart is enclosed by the ____ or heart sac. It is situated in a closed space called the ______ _____.
- Pericardium
- Pericardial cavity
The pericardium is the ____ envelope of the heart. What are its three components?
- Fibroserous
1. Pericardial mediastinal pleura
2. Fibrous pericardium
3. Serous pericardium
The outer layer of the pericardium, the fibrous pericardium, has two ligaments that anchor the apex of the heart. What are they?
- Phrenicopericardial ligament: connects fibrous pericardium to the diaphragm
- Sternopericardiac ligament: connects fibrous pericardium to the sternum
What are the two layers of the serous pericardium, the inner layer of pericardium?
- Parietal serous pericardium: adheres to fibrous pericardium
- Visceral serous pericardium (epicardium): adheres to the heart
There is ____ between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium which contains a small amount of pericardial ____.
- Space
- Fluid
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right and left atria and right and left ventricles
From the _____ surface of the heart the right and left auricles can be seen, and from the _____ surface of the heart the right and left _____ can be seen.
- auricular
- atrial
_____ ____ are superficial separation of the left and right ventricles. From the left side of the heart, the ______ ____ _____ can be seen, and from the right side the ______ _____ _____ can be seen.
- Interventricular grooves
- Paraconal interventricular groove
- Subsinuosal interventricular groove
The _____ groove is superficial separation of the atria and ventricles.
Coronary
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
- Epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
What is unique about the myocardium in the left ventricle?
It is 3-4 times thicker than the right ventricle
The right atrium and right ventricle receive (deoxygenated/oxygenated), (venous/arterial) blood.
- Deoxygenated
- Venous
The left atrium and left ventricle receive (deoxygenated/oxygenated), (venous/arterial) blood.
- Oxygenated
- Arterial
What kind of blood does the right atrium receive? What are its two parts
- Systemic venous blood and most of the heart blood
- Atria proper and the right auricle
There are two parts of the sinus venarum. The ___ ____ is a ridge between the cranial and caudal vena cava openings that diverts blood toward the right ventricle. The _____ ______ is a depression caudal to the intravenous tubercle. It is called the ____ ____ in the fetus.
- Intravenous tubercle
- Fossa ovalis
- Foramen ovale
The ____ ____ is an opening that allows blood to pass from the right to left atrium and closes shortly after birth to become the fossa ovalis.
Foramen ovale
The right auricle has two structures. What are they?
- Pectinate muscles
- Crista terminalis
The ____ ____ is at the entrance of the auricle where the pectinate muscles radiate. It is the location of the ____ _____, the pacemaker of the heart.
- Crista terminalis
- Sinoatrial node
What are the five sources from which the heart receives blood? Which can be seen inside the right atrium?
- Caudal vena cava
- Cranial vena cava
- Azygos vein
- Coronary sinus (right atrium)
- Small cardiac veins (right atrium)
The right ventricle receives blood from the ____ ____ and ejects blood out the ____ ____. From this structure, blood travels via left and right _____ ____ to the ____.
- Right atrium
- Pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary arteries
- lungs
How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle? Attached to papillary muscles are the ____ ____, which attach the _____ ____ to the papillary muscles.
- 3
- Cordae tendineae
- atrioventricular valve
The ____ ___ is the muscle of the ventricular wall. The _____ ____ is the strand of muscle that connects the septal and parietal walls located in both ventricles. It is also called the _____ ____. What does it do?
- Trabeculae carnae
- trabecula septomarginalis
- Moderator band
- Allows nerve bundles to pass to the parietal wall for simultaneous contraction of the heart walls
Where is the valve of the foramen ovale found? What is this structure?
- Left atrium
- It is a fold of tissue in the cranial part of the septal wall that is the remnant of fetal blood flow from the right to left atrium
The left atrium receives blood from the ____ via what veins?
- Lungs
- 5-6 pulmonary veins
The left ventricle receives blood from the ____ ____, ejects blood out the ____ to the ____.
- Left atrium
- aorta
- body
True or False: The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle
True
The fibrous base of the heart has a ____ ____.
Cardiac skeleton
What are the four valves of the heart? What are the two broad categories?
- Two atrioventricular valves: left and right
2. Two semilunar valves: aortic and pulmonary
What are the two cusps of the left and right atrioventricular valves?
Septal cusp and parietal cusp
True or False: The atrioventricular valves are tricuspid valves.
False, both are bicuspid
Each of the semilunar valves have ____ cusp(s) and each cusp has a ____ at its free edge.
- 3
- nodule
What are the three cusps of each the aortic valve and pulmonary valve?
- Aortic: left semilunar cusp, right semilunar cusp, septal (dorsal) semilunar cusp
- Pulmonary: left semilunar cusp, right semilunar cusp, intermediate (ventral) cusp
The ____ ____is the optimal point for auscultation of the heart valves. What are the points of listening within this area?
- Puncta Maxima
- Left Side: P.A.M.: pulmonary valve (low 3rd intercostal space), Aortic valve (High 4th intercostal space), Mitral valve (left AV)(low 5th intercostal space)
- Right Side: Right AV valve (low 3rd or 4th intercostal space)
During auscultation of the heart, what is happening when the Lub and dub sounds are heard?
Lub: closure of the right and left AV valves
Dub: closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
What are the three structures of the heart conducting system? Where is each found?
- Sinoatrial node: crista terminalis of the right auricle
- Atrioventricular node: craniodorsal to the septal cusp of the right AV valve
- Atrioventricular bundles: At the interventricular wall. They pass through the septomarginalis to the parietal wall
The atrioventricular bundles are largely composed of _____ _____.
Purkinje fibers
