Thorax

Question 1

Goat Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection

Answer 1

• A gentle curve from the level of the 6th costochondral junction, up to the ventral border of the last rib

Question 2

Ox Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection

Answer 2

• a steep curve from the 7/8th costochondral junction, to mid portion of 11th rib and to the angle of the last rib

Question 3

Horse Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection

Answer 3

• caudally from the 8th costal cartilage, crosses the 9th costochondral junction, following a gentle curve, but with gradually increasing distance until reaches proximal end of the 18th (last rib)

Question 4

Sheep Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection

Answer 4

• gently curves from the 9th costochondral junction, to the middle of the last rib and from there to the cranial border of the transverse process of L1

Question 5

Ox/Goat mediastinal pleura

Answer 5

• thick and intact

- well supported by submesothelial connective tissue

Question 6

Sheep mediastinal pleura

Answer 6

• may display occasional opening

Question 7

Horse mediastinal pleura

Answer 7

• thin and delicate

- poorly supported by subpleural connective tissue

Question 8

Cupula Pleurae

Answer 8

• in ruminants/horse

- extend beyond first rib ONLY ON THE RIGHT

Question 9

Thoracocentesis in Ruminants, Horse, Dog

Answer 9

• Rum = 6th or 7th intercostal space
• Horse = 7th ICS
• Dog = 7-8 ICS

Question 10

Thoracocentesis in Horses

Answer 10

• middle and lower part of the 7th intercostal space

- DOG=

Question 11

Lung Lobation/Lobulation

Answer 11

1. Lobation
   - Ruminant/pig = well lobated
   - Horse = non-lobated
2. Lobulation
   - Ox and Pig = clearly defined by thick connective tissue
   - Sheep/Goats = lobules are small and lobulation is poorly defined
   - Horse = lobulation is indistinct

Question 12

R/L Lung Lobes in Ruminants

Answer 12

1. Right Lung
   - cranial lobe (supplied by tracheal bronchus)
   - > cranio-cranial lobe
   - > cranio-caudal lobe
   - middle lobe
   - caudal lobe
   - accessory lobe
2. Left Lung
   - cranial lobe
   - > cranio-cranial lobe
   - > cranio-caudal lobe
   - caudal lobe

Question 13

R/L Lung Lobes in Pigs

Answer 13

1. Right Lung
   - cranial lobe (supplied by tracheal bronchus)
   - middle lobe
   - caudal lobe
   - accessory lobe
2. Left Lung
   - cranial lobe
   - > cranio-cranial lobe
   - > cranio-caudal lobe
   - caudal lobe

Question 14

R/L Lung Lobes in Horses

Answer 14

1. Right Lung - larger than left
   - cranial lobe
   - caudal lobe
   - accessory lobe
   * NO middle lobe
2. Left Lung
   - cranial lobe = apex
   - caudal lobe = nase

Question 15

Cardiac Notch of Ruminants

Answer 15

1. Right Lung = 3-4th ICS

2. Left Lung = 3-5th ICS

Question 16

Cardiac Notch of Horses

Answer 16

1. Right Lung = 3-4th ICS

2. Left Lung = 3-6th ICS

Question 17

Pericardiocentesis in Ruminants AND horse

Answer 17

• 4th ICS at the level of the costochondral junction

Question 18

Caudal mediastinal Lymph Node in Ruminants and Horses

Answer 18

• between aorta and esophagus
  1. Ruminants
• single and quite large
  2. Horses
• poorly developed or absent

Question 19

Azygos vein in Ruminant/Pig vs Horse

Answer 19

• Ruminant/Pig have fully developed left azygos vein

- Horses do not have a left azygos vein, but instead have a right azygos vein

Question 20

Coronary Artery in Ruminant vs Horse

Answer 20

• Ruminant = Left coronary artery is dominant

- Horse/Pig = Right coronary artery is dominant

Question 21

Heart Location in Rum/Pig and Horse

Answer 21

• Rum/Pig = 3-6 rib and 3-5 ICS

- Horse = 2-6 ICS