The Mammae Flashcards
The thoracic pair of mammae develops in which species?
- anthropoids and elephants
Only the inguinal gland develops in which species?
- ungulates
The supernumerary teats can be found on the caudo-ventral surface of the udder in which species?
- cow
The supernumerary teats can be found on the cranial surface of the mammae in which species?
- ewe and doe
Which species has 4 inguinal mammae?
- cow
Which species has 2 inguinal mammae?
- small ruminants
Which species has 10-18 thoracoabdominal OR thoracoinguinal mammae?
- sow
In which species are the mammae shape hemispherical?
- cow and ewe
In which species are the mammae pendulous and sac-like?
- nanny goat
Median intermammary groove
- between the left and right udder halves and are always distinct
Transverse intermammary groove
- between the forequarter and the hindquarter and is POORLY defined
Which layer of the teat consists of connective tissue, smooth muscle fibers and as thick-walled veins that are highly coiled?
- middle layer of the teat
- > thickest layer
Longitudinal folds that form at the internal entrance into the papillary duct
- Rosette of Furstenberg
What two things can lead to hard milking in cows?
- Exuberant Rosette of Furstenberg folds
- The papillary opening has a papillary sphincter that may be too tight
Venous Ring of Frustenberg
- Venous plexus at the base of the teat
Which lamina of the udder mainly consists of collagenous connective tissue?
- lateral suspensory laminae
Which lamina of the udder mainly consists of yellow elastic tissue ?
- medial suspensory laminae
Could you amputate one udder without the other being affected?
- YES, each half is independent of the other
Which species has 6-9 mammary glands per mammae?
- nanny goat
- > has 2 mammae and each has 6-9 mammary glands, lactiferous sinuses and papillary ducts
Which species has up to 18 (5-9 pairs) of mammae on either side, they often alternate
- sow
Which species has 2-3 mammary glands per mammae?
- sow
- > 2-3 teat orifices as well
Main artery supply to the udder of the cow?
- external pudendal artery
External pudendal artery divides into?
- cranial and caudal mammary artery
What do the cranial and caudal mammary arteries form at the base of the udder?
- arterial circle
What two arteries anastomose together?
- Cranial mammary artery (caudal superficial epigastric artery) anastomoses with the cranial superficial epigastric artery
Following anastomoses of the veins what forms?
- venous ring
Which two veins anastomose together?
- cranial mammary vein (Caudal superficial epigastric vein) anastomoses with the cranial superficial epigastric vein (subcutaneous abdominal vein, or “milk vein”)
Where does the cranial superficial epigastric vein/subcutaneous abdominal vein/milk vein enter the abdominal cavity?
- through the milk well in the rectus abdominis muscle
Why is blood flow bidirectional in the caudal superficial epigastric veins?
- because the valves are week and inefficient in milking cows
What nerves supply the skin and teats of the cranial part of the udder?
- Iliohypogastric (L1) nerve
- Ilioinguinal (L2) nerve
- cranial branch of the genitofemoral (L3) nerve
Which nerve carries the sympathetic innervation to the skin of the middle and caudal parts of the udder, as well as the parenchyma of the udder and teat?
- genitofemoral nerve
Which nerve supplies the caudal aspect of the skin?
- the mammary branch of the perineal nerve (terminal branch of the pudendal nerve)
What lymph node drains the udder, perineum and medial aspects of the thigh?
- the superficial inguinal lymph node (mammary lymph node)
What additional lymph node does the pig have that drains the thoracic and cranial abdominal mammae?
- axillary lymph nodes
Requires a single injection of the anesthetic into the epidural space
- lumbar, or high epidural anesthesia
Site of Lumbar, or high epidural anesthesia and what nerves does it anesthetize
- between L1 and L2 spinous processes
- Nerves: T13, L1, L2
In high epidural what nerves may be blocked?
- from T13, lumbar and first two sacral (S1, S2) nerves
Disadvantage of high epidural
- animal can not stand until the anesthetic effects wears off
For a high epidural block where is the injection site for large ruminants vs small ruminants?
- Large ruminants - between L1 and L2
2. Small ruminants (goat, sheep, pig) - in the lumbosacral space
This is done at the sacrocaudal space, or between Cd1 and Cd2
- a sacrocaudal, or low epidural anesthesia
What does a low epidural block anesthetize?
- the last three sacral nerves
- ensures that the tubular genitalia of the female, the rectum and the perineal region are anesthetized
