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Anatomy II > The Mammae > Flashcards

The Mammae Flashcards

1
Q

The thoracic pair of mammae develops in which species?

A
  • anthropoids and elephants
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2
Q

Only the inguinal gland develops in which species?

A
  • ungulates
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3
Q

The supernumerary teats can be found on the caudo-ventral surface of the udder in which species?

A
  • cow
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4
Q

The supernumerary teats can be found on the cranial surface of the mammae in which species?

A
  • ewe and doe
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5
Q

Which species has 4 inguinal mammae?

A
  • cow
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6
Q

Which species has 2 inguinal mammae?

A
  • small ruminants
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7
Q

Which species has 10-18 thoracoabdominal OR thoracoinguinal mammae?

A
  • sow
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8
Q

In which species are the mammae shape hemispherical?

A
  • cow and ewe
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9
Q

In which species are the mammae pendulous and sac-like?

A
  • nanny goat
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10
Q

Median intermammary groove

A
  • between the left and right udder halves and are always distinct
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11
Q

Transverse intermammary groove

A
  • between the forequarter and the hindquarter and is POORLY defined
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12
Q

Which layer of the teat consists of connective tissue, smooth muscle fibers and as thick-walled veins that are highly coiled?

A
  • middle layer of the teat

- > thickest layer

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13
Q

Longitudinal folds that form at the internal entrance into the papillary duct

A
  • Rosette of Furstenberg
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14
Q

What two things can lead to hard milking in cows?

A
  • Exuberant Rosette of Furstenberg folds

- The papillary opening has a papillary sphincter that may be too tight

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15
Q

Venous Ring of Frustenberg

A
  • Venous plexus at the base of the teat
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16
Q

Which lamina of the udder mainly consists of collagenous connective tissue?

A
  • lateral suspensory laminae
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17
Q

Which lamina of the udder mainly consists of yellow elastic tissue ?

A
  • medial suspensory laminae
18
Q

Could you amputate one udder without the other being affected?

A
  • YES, each half is independent of the other
19
Q

Which species has 6-9 mammary glands per mammae?

A
  • nanny goat

- > has 2 mammae and each has 6-9 mammary glands, lactiferous sinuses and papillary ducts

20
Q

Which species has up to 18 (5-9 pairs) of mammae on either side, they often alternate

A
  • sow
21
Q

Which species has 2-3 mammary glands per mammae?

A
  • sow

- > 2-3 teat orifices as well

22
Q

Main artery supply to the udder of the cow?

A
  • external pudendal artery
23
Q

External pudendal artery divides into?

A
  • cranial and caudal mammary artery
24
Q

What do the cranial and caudal mammary arteries form at the base of the udder?

A
  • arterial circle
25
Q

What two arteries anastomose together?

A
  • Cranial mammary artery (caudal superficial epigastric artery) anastomoses with the cranial superficial epigastric artery
26
Q

Following anastomoses of the veins what forms?

A
  • venous ring
27
Q

Which two veins anastomose together?

A
  • cranial mammary vein (Caudal superficial epigastric vein) anastomoses with the cranial superficial epigastric vein (subcutaneous abdominal vein, or “milk vein”)
28
Q

Where does the cranial superficial epigastric vein/subcutaneous abdominal vein/milk vein enter the abdominal cavity?

A
  • through the milk well in the rectus abdominis muscle
29
Q

Why is blood flow bidirectional in the caudal superficial epigastric veins?

A
  • because the valves are week and inefficient in milking cows
30
Q

What nerves supply the skin and teats of the cranial part of the udder?

A
  • Iliohypogastric (L1) nerve
  • Ilioinguinal (L2) nerve
  • cranial branch of the genitofemoral (L3) nerve
31
Q

Which nerve carries the sympathetic innervation to the skin of the middle and caudal parts of the udder, as well as the parenchyma of the udder and teat?

A
  • genitofemoral nerve
32
Q

Which nerve supplies the caudal aspect of the skin?

A
  • the mammary branch of the perineal nerve (terminal branch of the pudendal nerve)
33
Q

What lymph node drains the udder, perineum and medial aspects of the thigh?

A
  • the superficial inguinal lymph node (mammary lymph node)
34
Q

What additional lymph node does the pig have that drains the thoracic and cranial abdominal mammae?

A
  • axillary lymph nodes
35
Q

Requires a single injection of the anesthetic into the epidural space

A
  • lumbar, or high epidural anesthesia
36
Q

Site of Lumbar, or high epidural anesthesia and what nerves does it anesthetize

A
  • between L1 and L2 spinous processes

- Nerves: T13, L1, L2

37
Q

In high epidural what nerves may be blocked?

A
  • from T13, lumbar and first two sacral (S1, S2) nerves
38
Q

Disadvantage of high epidural

A
  • animal can not stand until the anesthetic effects wears off
39
Q

For a high epidural block where is the injection site for large ruminants vs small ruminants?

A
  1. Large ruminants - between L1 and L2

2. Small ruminants (goat, sheep, pig) - in the lumbosacral space

40
Q

This is done at the sacrocaudal space, or between Cd1 and Cd2

A
  • a sacrocaudal, or low epidural anesthesia
41
Q

What does a low epidural block anesthetize?

A
  • the last three sacral nerves

- ensures that the tubular genitalia of the female, the rectum and the perineal region are anesthetized

Anatomy II (5 decks)

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