The Mammae

Question 1

The thoracic pair of mammae develops in which species?

Answer 1

• anthropoids and elephants

Question 2

Only the inguinal gland develops in which species?

Answer 2

• ungulates

Question 3

The supernumerary teats can be found on the caudo-ventral surface of the udder in which species?

Answer 3

• cow

Question 4

The supernumerary teats can be found on the cranial surface of the mammae in which species?

Answer 4

• ewe and doe

Question 5

Which species has 4 inguinal mammae?

Answer 5

• cow

Question 6

Which species has 2 inguinal mammae?

Answer 6

• small ruminants

Question 7

Which species has 10-18 thoracoabdominal OR thoracoinguinal mammae?

Answer 7

• sow

Question 8

In which species are the mammae shape hemispherical?

Answer 8

• cow and ewe

Question 9

In which species are the mammae pendulous and sac-like?

Answer 9

• nanny goat

Question 10

Median intermammary groove

Answer 10

• between the left and right udder halves and are always distinct

Question 11

Transverse intermammary groove

Answer 11

• between the forequarter and the hindquarter and is POORLY defined

Question 12

Which layer of the teat consists of connective tissue, smooth muscle fibers and as thick-walled veins that are highly coiled?

Answer 12

• middle layer of the teat

- > thickest layer

Question 13

Longitudinal folds that form at the internal entrance into the papillary duct

Answer 13

• Rosette of Furstenberg

Question 14

What two things can lead to hard milking in cows?

Answer 14

• Exuberant Rosette of Furstenberg folds

- The papillary opening has a papillary sphincter that may be too tight

Question 15

Venous Ring of Frustenberg

Answer 15

• Venous plexus at the base of the teat

Question 16

Which lamina of the udder mainly consists of collagenous connective tissue?

Answer 16

• lateral suspensory laminae

Question 17

Which lamina of the udder mainly consists of yellow elastic tissue ?

Answer 17

• medial suspensory laminae

Question 18

Could you amputate one udder without the other being affected?

Answer 18

• YES, each half is independent of the other

Question 19

Which species has 6-9 mammary glands per mammae?

Answer 19

• nanny goat

- > has 2 mammae and each has 6-9 mammary glands, lactiferous sinuses and papillary ducts

Question 20

Which species has up to 18 (5-9 pairs) of mammae on either side, they often alternate

Answer 20

• sow

Question 21

Which species has 2-3 mammary glands per mammae?

Answer 21

• sow

- > 2-3 teat orifices as well

Question 22

Main artery supply to the udder of the cow?

Answer 22

• external pudendal artery

Question 23

External pudendal artery divides into?

Answer 23

• cranial and caudal mammary artery

Question 24

What do the cranial and caudal mammary arteries form at the base of the udder?

Answer 24

• arterial circle

Question 25

What two arteries anastomose together?

Answer 25

- Cranial mammary artery (caudal superficial epigastric artery) anastomoses with the cranial superficial epigastric artery

Question 26

Following anastomoses of the veins what forms?

Answer 26

- venous ring

Question 27

Which two veins anastomose together?

Answer 27

- cranial mammary vein (Caudal superficial epigastric vein) anastomoses with the cranial superficial epigastric vein (subcutaneous abdominal vein, or "milk vein")

Question 28

Where does the cranial superficial epigastric vein/subcutaneous abdominal vein/milk vein enter the abdominal cavity?

Answer 28

- through the milk well in the rectus abdominis muscle

Question 29

Why is blood flow bidirectional in the caudal superficial epigastric veins?

Answer 29

- because the valves are week and inefficient in milking cows

Question 30

What nerves supply the skin and teats of the cranial part of the udder?

Answer 30

- Iliohypogastric (L1) nerve - Ilioinguinal (L2) nerve - cranial branch of the genitofemoral (L3) nerve

Question 31

Which nerve carries the sympathetic innervation to the skin of the middle and caudal parts of the udder, as well as the parenchyma of the udder and teat?

Answer 31

- genitofemoral nerve

Question 32

Which nerve supplies the caudal aspect of the skin?

Answer 32

- the mammary branch of the perineal nerve (terminal branch of the pudendal nerve)

Question 33

What lymph node drains the udder, perineum and medial aspects of the thigh?

Answer 33

- the superficial inguinal lymph node (mammary lymph node)

Question 34

What additional lymph node does the pig have that drains the thoracic and cranial abdominal mammae?

Answer 34

- axillary lymph nodes

Question 35

Requires a single injection of the anesthetic into the epidural space

Answer 35

- lumbar, or high epidural anesthesia

Question 36

Site of Lumbar, or high epidural anesthesia and what nerves does it anesthetize

Answer 36

- between L1 and L2 spinous processes | - Nerves: T13, L1, L2

Question 37

In high epidural what nerves may be blocked?

Answer 37

- from T13, lumbar and first two sacral (S1, S2) nerves

Question 38

Disadvantage of high epidural

Answer 38

- animal can not stand until the anesthetic effects wears off

Question 39

For a high epidural block where is the injection site for large ruminants vs small ruminants?

Answer 39

1. Large ruminants - between L1 and L2 | 2. Small ruminants (goat, sheep, pig) - in the lumbosacral space

Question 40

This is done at the sacrocaudal space, or between Cd1 and Cd2

Answer 40

- a sacrocaudal, or low epidural anesthesia

Question 41

What does a low epidural block anesthetize?

Answer 41

- the last three sacral nerves | - ensures that the tubular genitalia of the female, the rectum and the perineal region are anesthetized