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Anatomy > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

During radical mastectomy what nerve can be lesioned during ligation of the lateral thoracic artery?

A

*Long thoracic nerve (serratus anterior muscle)
- winged scapula, weakness in abduction of the arm
+another nerve - thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi muscle)
- weakness in extension and medial rotation of the arm

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2
Q

What is the consequence of the mal formation of the tracheoesophageal septum? What other conditions are associated?

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula
- esophageal atresia and polyhidramnios, regurgitation, gagging and cyanosis after feeding, abdominal distention after crying, reflux of gastric contents into lungs ▶️ pneumonitis

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3
Q

Congenital causes of pulmonary hypoplasia

A
  • congenital diaphragmatic hernia

- bilateral renal agenesis ▶️ oligohydramnios ▶️ potter’s sequence (one the features bilateral hypoplasia)

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4
Q

What is the consequence of a tumor in the breast shape, why does it occur?

A
  • dimpling of the skin (orange-peel appearance)

- tumor distort cooper ligaments

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5
Q

What is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome and with what conditions is related?

A
  • deficiency of surfactant (type II neumocytes)
  • premature infants, infants of diabetic mothers, prolongued intrauterine asphyxia
  • tx: thyroxine and cortisol ⬆️ surfactant
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6
Q

Cause of hyaline membrane disease, what findings can you get histologically?

A
  • surfactant deficiency - repeated gasping inhalation damage alveolar lining
  • collapsed alveoli (atelectasis) and eosinophilic fluid covering the alveoli
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7
Q

Why does the lung collapse during a pneumothorax?

A
  • air into the pleural cavity

- loss of negative pressure of the pleural cavity

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8
Q

Why does the tension pneumothorax occur?

A
  • piece of tissue forms a flap over the wound ▶️ during expiration the air can’t escape from the wound ▶️ pressure ⬆️ ▶️ shift of the mediastinum and lung compression ⬆️
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9
Q

What structure occupy the costomediastinal recess?

A

Lingula of the left lung during inspiration

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10
Q

Where is the most commonly enter when aspiration of a foreign body?

A

Right primary bronchus (shorter, wider, more vertical than left)
*often can fall into the posterior basal segment of right inferior lobe

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11
Q

Where do the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct drain at the blood venous system?

A

Junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins on their respective sides

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12
Q

How can a metastasis arise from the lower lobe of the left lung?

A

The lymphatic drainage from it also drains across the midline into the right bronchomediastinal lymphatic nodes and trunk ▶️ right lymphatic duct

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13
Q

Trachea and bronchi have pseudostratified columnar as their epithelial lining, where is the other only place that have this epithelia?

A

Male reproductive tract

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14
Q

What is the cause of the kartagener syndrome and what is the consequence?

A
  • lacking dynein ▶️ immotile cilia
  • many respiratory problems (can’t move the mucus where the bacteria is)
  • males immotile sperm ▶️ infertility
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15
Q

What is the origin of bronchial metastatic tumor?

A

Kulchitsky cells - pulmonary neuroendocrine cell

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16
Q

What type of cells have defective the chloride transport in cystic fibrosis?

A

Clara cells

17
Q

Until what portion of the airway are present the globet cells?

A

Until the proximal bronchioles, they are not at the terminal bronchioles

18
Q

Where is the Clara cell, and what are its functions?

A
  • serous solution similar surfactant
  • detoxification of airborne toxins
  • stem cells for cilliated cells and themselves
19
Q

Why the children of diabetic mothers have higher risk of respiratory distress syndrome?

A

If the mothers have insulin resistance diabetes ▶️ ⬆️ insulin antagonizes effect of corticosteroids in inducing surfactant production

20
Q

Which are the components of the blood-gas barrier?

A

Surfactant, pneumocyte type I, shared basal lamina, capillary endothelium

21
Q

What are the pores of Kohn and their function?

A

Opening in the wall of most alveoli - important in collateral ventilation

22
Q

Which are the three shunts that allow bypass the liver and pulmonary circulation during fetal life?

A
  • foramen ovale
  • ductus venosus
  • ductus arteriosus
23
Q

What allow maintain the fetal shunts

A
  • ⬆️ right atrial pressure due to large bolus of blood directed into the right atrium from the placenta
  • ⬆️ pulmonary resistance
24
Q

Structurally what is the foramen ovale?

A

Opening between septum primum and foramen secundum

25
Q

What type of shunts are cyanotic and non-cyanotic?

A
  • right to left shunt ▶️ cyanotic condition

- left to right shunt ▶️ non-cyanotic condition

26
Q

What type of shunt results in a atrial septal defect?

A
  • left to right shunt ▶️ non-cyanotic condition
27
Q

Why a pain arising from the diaphragm (ex subphrenic access) is referred to shoulder region?

A

sensory and motor diaphragm innervation is primarily from C3 - C5 spinal nerves ▶️ pain is referred to these dermatomes in shoulder region

28
Q

What is the cause of the congenital diaphragmatic hernia? What does it cause?

A

Failure of the pleuroperitoneal membranes to develop properly ▶️ herniation of abdominal content into pleural cavity
*causes pulmonary hypoplasia

29
Q

What is the cause of esophageal hiatal hernia? What does it render in esophagus?

A

Abnormally large esophageal hiatus to the diaphragm ▶️ herniation of stomach to pleural cavity
*renders esophagogastric sphincter incompetent because reflux I to esophagus

30
Q

Which is the most common cause of cyanosis presenting immediately AFTER BIRTH?

A

Tetralogy is the most common cyanotic defect, but a newborn is not always cyanotic at birth. Transposition of the great arteries always presents with cyanosis at birth.

31
Q

What structure is at risk of lesion when removing thymoma?

A

Left Brachiocepahlic vein

*lies immediately posterior to the thymus

32
Q

What are the five birds of the mediastinum?

A

“The va-goose, the esopha-goose, the azy-goose, the hemiazy-goose, and the thoracic duck”

33
Q

Presentation of the “Pancoast tumor” of the apex of the lung

A

lung cancer of the apex of the upper left lobe ▶️ hoarseness ▶️ the tumor invades the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

34
Q

Which embryonic dilatations does not form a septum during heart development?

A

Sinus venosus becomes incorporated into the right atrium during heart development

35
Q

During fetal life, in which structure will the oxygen saturation level of fetal blood be the lowest?

A

Ductus arteriosus

Anatomy (22 decks)

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