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Anatomy > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

0
Q

What are extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb?

A

Muscles that attach the thoracic limb to another part of the body e.g. Neck, trunk

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1
Q

Which muscle affects the panniculus reflex? What is this reflex?

A

The cutaneous trunci. It receives motor innervation from the brachial plexus and sensory innervation from the spinal segmental nerves. When sensory is blocked during local anaesthetic, motor is still functioning and can twitch.

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2
Q

What is the fibre direction and attachments of the brachiocephalic muscle?

A

Attaches dorsal neck to shoulder. Fibre direction is dorsoventral.

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3
Q

What is the fibre direction and attachment points of the trapezius muscle?

A

Attaches along the midline to lateral surface of scapula, divided into thoracic and cervical parts. Cervical fibre direction is craniodorsal, thoracic is caudodorsal.

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4
Q

What is the fibre direction and attachment points of the omotransversarius muscle?

A

Transverse process of cervical spine to shoulder, craniodorsal.

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5
Q

What is the fibre direction and attachment points of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Dorsal thoracolumbar region to the medial side of the humerus. Caudodorsal

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6
Q

What is the fibre direction and attachment points of the rhombodius ? Where does it lie?

A

Lies deep to the trapezius. Joins thoracic vertebra to dorsal border of scapula, as well as cervical neck and skull to dorsal border of scapula.

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7
Q

What is the fibre direction and attachment points of the serratus ventralis ?

A

Last 5 cervical vertebra and first 7 ribs to medial scapula. Supports the trunk

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8
Q

What are the names of the openings in the diaphragm?

A

The oesophageal hiatus, caval foramen and the aortic hiatus.

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9
Q

What travels through the openings of the diaphragm?

A

Oesophageal hiatus : dorsal and ventral trunks of the vagus nerve, the oesophagus and the oesophageal vessels
Aortic hiatus : aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct
Caval foramen: caudal vena cava

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10
Q

What makes up the root of the phrenic nerve?

A

C5,6,7

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11
Q

Describe the course of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Runs with the oesophagus, containing somatic, parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres. At the level of the aortic arch, the recurrent laryngeal nerve branches of and loops back up to the larynx (taking somatic and sympathetic nerves from the vagus). Caudally, the vagus nerve splits into dorsal and ventral trunks as they travel through the oesophageal hiatus. Caudal to the diaphragm, dorsal trunks fuse and ventral trunks fuse (only containing parasympathetic fibres). Innervates abdominal viscera.

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12
Q

Describe how dorsal intercostal spaces are supplied with blood

A
  • branch of subclavian artery supplies first few ribs dorsally
  • aortic intercostal arteries supply dorsal intercostal spaces
  • ventral intercostal spaces are supplies by the internal thoracic artery (a branch of the left subclavian artery)
  • dorsal and ventral supplies meet laterally and anastamose
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13
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the intercostal spaces

A
  • Dorsal intercostal spaces are drained by the azygous vein, with contributions from intercostal veins. In a dog, there is 1 right azygous vein, in other species there is a left and right
  • the azygous vein drains into the caudal vena cava
  • ventral intercostal spaces are drained by internal thoracic veins
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14
Q

How are the epaxial muscles supplied with blood?

A

Branches of the dorsal intercostal arteries, as well as paired lumbar arteries from the abdominal aorta.

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15
Q

What is the trachea made up of?

A

Between rings and slightly dorsal, consists of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle. Ventrally, hyaline cartilage forms the cartilaginous rings. The dorsal wall completes the ring and is made from elastic ligamentous membrane, with bundles of smooth muscle fibre, called the trachealis muscle.

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16
Q

What lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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17
Q

What ribs does the trachea bifocate to form the 2 primary bronchi?

A

Rib 5

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18
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A

To control the diameter of the trachea

19
Q

Which species is the odd one out when comparing left lungs?

A

Horse, has two left lobes but the cranial is not divided

20
Q

Which species is the odd one out when comparing right lungs?

A

Horse, doesn’t have an accessory lobe.

Ox, has a divided cranial lobe of right lung

21
Q

Which species have a tracheal bronchus? Which rib is it present at?

A

Rib 3 and is present in the pig and the Ox

22
Q

What is the cupola pleura?

A

Part of the pleura that emerges above the thoracic inlet

23
Q

What are the costodiaphragmatic recesses?

A

Most ventral and caudal parts of the pleura, can collect with fluid as is a potential space.

24
Q

What holds the lung in position in the thorax?

A

Pulmonary ligament extends dorsally and caudally from the hilum

25
Q

What structure help reduce turbulence in the right atrium

A

Intervenors tubercle

26
Q

Which lymph centres drain into the thoracic duct?

A

Dorsal thoracic lymph centre (drains roof of thorax)

Ventral thoracic lymph centre (drains ventral part of thoracic wall). Also sends lymph to mediastinal lymph nodes.

27
Q

Which structures are drained by the mediastinal lymph centre?

A

Heart, trachea, oesophagus and the thymus

28
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

The left Brachiocephalic trunk (venous)

29
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Right Brachiocephalic trunk

30
Q

Where do the tracheal ducts drain into ?

A

L+R Brachiocephalic trunks

31
Q

How does the heart attach to the thorax in large animals?

A

Axis of Heart is more perpendicular to sternum, so attaches to the sternum via the Sterno-pericardiac ligament

32
Q

How does the heart attach to the thorax in smaller animals?

A

Hearts axis lies rotated, with base further towards head and apex further towards the tail. Joined to the diaphragm by the phrenico-pericardiac ligament

33
Q

What is the foramen ovale ?

A

The hole in between the atria in the foetus so that the lungs are bypassed.

34
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus ?

A

The vessel that branches between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, to ensure the lungs are bypassed if some blood enters the right ventricle

35
Q

What is the ductus venosus

A

The duct that bypasses the liver in the foetus

36
Q

What is the fossa ovale?

A

The indentation of the foramen ovale after it closes when the foetus is born.

37
Q

Describe the structure of the Atrioventricular valves

A

3 cusps on the right and 2 on the left. Flaps are connected to papillary muscles via cordae tendinae, hold flaps in place when ventricular pressure would force blood back into atrium.

38
Q

How many cusps has the aortic and pulmonary semi-lunar valves have?

A

3, but are not tricuspid.

39
Q

What is the trabeculae septomarginalis?

A

Connects ventricular wall to septum, supportive role

40
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae and where would you find them?

A

Found in the ventricles, help to channel blood and prevent turbulence.

41
Q

Describe how foetal circulation differs from adult circulation

A

Umbilical artery supplies the placenta with deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body.
Umbilical vein brings oxygen to the foetus
Liver is shunted, and oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenated blood

42
Q

What is the ansa subclavia?

A

Fibres that sit under and over the left subclavian artery, joining the stellate ganglion and the middle cervical ganglion

43
Q

What nerves make up the vagosympathetic trunk?

A

The vagus nerve and the sympathetic chain. They travel in the neck together, but split into their individual nerves at the thoracic inlet.

44
Q

Name the 5 joints present in the ribs

A

Costotransverse, costochondral, intersternal, costosternal, Costovertebral

45
Q

What is the benefit of having a strong mediastinum?

A

Can withstand great pressure differences between pleural cavities.

46
Q

What is different about Ruminant and Dog coronary circulation, when compared to pig and horse coronary circulation ?

A

The circumflex branch of the left coronary artery supplies the right interventricular artery in dogs and ruminants. In pigs and horses, the right coronary artery supplies the right interventricular artery

Anatomy (7 decks)

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