Head And Neck

Question 1

Describe the three sections of the maxillary artery

Answer 1

1) pre-alar section
2) alar canal section
3) post alar canal section

Question 2

Name the branches of the pre-alar section of he maxillary artery (there are 5)

Answer 2

Mandibular artery (temporomandibular joint)
Inferior alveoli (enters mandible by mandible foramen, exits by via mental foramen)
Caudal deep temporal artery (temporalis and masseter muscles)
Tympanic artery (supplies structures of the middle ear)
Middle meningeal artery (enters cranium by oval foramen)

Question 3

Give some possible functions for the sinuses

Answer 3

Increasing size of skull without increasing weight, resonance chambers for vocalisation, thermal insulation, protect brain

Question 4

Where do mandible lymph nodes and parotid lymph nodes drain? In which species does this differ?

Answer 4

Drain into medial retropharyngeal lymph node (except in Ox, where it drains into the lateral retropharyngeal lymph node)

Question 5

Which nerves supply to ruminant horn ?

Answer 5

Corneal branch of zygomaticotemporal branch of maxillary trigeminal nerve, infratrochlear nerve (opthalmic trigeminal), supraorbital nerve (opthalmic trigeminal), dorsal branches of cervical nerves one and two.

Question 6

Which vessels branch off from the external carotid artery to supply the face?

Answer 6

1) occipital
2) cranial laryngeal
3) ascending pharyngeal
4) lingual
5) facial
6) caudal auricular
7) maxillary artery
8) superficial temporal artery

Question 7

Name the two protractors of the pharynx

Answer 7

Pterygopharyngeus (inserts on pyterygoids)

Palatopharyngeus (inserts on soft palate)

Question 8

Name the only dilator of the pharynx

Answer 8

Style pharyngeal

Question 9

Name the three constrictors of the pharynx

Answer 9

Hyopharyngeus (inserts on the basihyoid bone and the proximal thyrohyoid bone)
Thyropharyngeus (inserts onto thyroid cartilage)
Cricopharyngeus (inserts onto the cricoid cartilage)

Question 10

What structures would be affected if cranial sympathetic supply was damaged?

Answer 10

4S's 
Salivary reduction
Sweat reduction/stopping 
Side organ drooping (third eyelid) 
Swelling of vessels by vasodilation.

Question 11

Which of parasympathetic and sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibres is the longest? Where would you expect to find the pre-ganglionic ganglion for both?

Answer 11

Parasympathetic has the longer pre-ganglionic neurone as it’s ganglion lies within the target organ
Sympathetic ganglions are found in para vertebral chains and prevertebral chains, pre-ganglionic fibres are shorter by comparison

Question 12

Where does the sympathetic supply to the head and neck originate from? Where do pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres synapse and how do they get there?

Answer 12

T1-T3, travel with the vagus nerve as the vagosympathetic trunk, synapse at the cranial cervical ganglion

Question 13

Which structure is damaged to create horners syndrome?

Answer 13

Sympathetic trunk

Question 14

What is are white and grey rami? Where would you find white rami along the spinal cord?

Answer 14

White communicating Rami have fibres that are preganglionic sympathetic neurones, entering the sympathetic chain. Grey communicating rami are post-ganglionic neurones exiting the sympathetic chain to enter a spinal nerve.
T1-L3 has white Rami, only levels in spinal cord that have a lateral horn

Question 15

What is the diastema ?

Answer 15

Gap between incisors and cheek teeth in large animals