Pelvis

Question 0

Why is the obturator nerve significant in bovine parturition?

Answer 0

Because it can become compressed. If compressed, it prevents adduction of the hind muscles and they slip out wards, not under the cows control.

Question 1

Name the different joints that make up the pelvis

Answer 1

Hyaline between ileum and pubis, pubis and ischium and ileum and ischium. These ossify. Between the pubic bones is the pubic symphysis, which is secondary cartilaginous.

Question 2

What is the ischial tuberosity equivalent to in the horse?

Answer 2

The tuber ischii

Question 3

What is the tuber coxae equivalent to in the dog?

Answer 3

The caudal and cranial ventral iliac spines

Question 4

What is the tuber sacrale equivalent to in a dog?

Answer 4

The caudal and cranial dorsal iliac spines

Question 5

Which ligament holds the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity in dogs? How is this different from a cows equivalent structure?

Answer 5

The sacrotuberous ligament. In the cow, the ligament attaches the sacrum to the tuber ischii, and is called the sacrosciatic ligament.

Question 6

Name the muscles that make up the pelvis diaphragm. Describe they’re position in relation to each other.

Answer 6

The levator ani and the coccygeous. The coccygeous sits more cranially than the levator ani.

Question 7

Name them suckles that make up the urogenital diaphragm.

Answer 7

Ischiourethralis, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, retractor

Question 8

What kind of faeces would result in impacted anal glands?

Answer 8

Soft faeces, as there is not enough pressure to evacuate them.

Question 9

What would thin faeces possibly indicate in males?

Answer 9

Enlarged prostate, as this presses against the rectum, creating a small re lumen for the faeces to travel through.

Question 10

Which muscles are compromised in a perineal hernia?

Answer 10

The muscles of the pelvic diaphragm: levator ani and the coccygeous. Organ slips between the two if they are weak.

Question 11

How do dogs and cats urethras differ?

Answer 11

Cats have abdominal bladders, so their urethra is much longer.

Question 12

Which nerves are involved in urination? How do they contribute? What are their roots?

Answer 12

1) The pelvic nerve (parasympathetic, S1-3) provides the sensory arc as sensory nerves travel in the pelvic nerve to the spine in the spinal reflex. The pelvic nerve (parasympathetic) induces the contraction of the destructor muscle and the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
2) Hypogastric nerve (sympathetic, L1-4) prevents this after CNS is informed (during reflex arc). Prevents involuntary urination.
3) Pudendal nerve (somatic, S2-4) controls voluntary relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter and contraction of the detrusor muscle, voluntary urination.

Question 13

What is a urachal diverticuli?

Answer 13

A failure of the urachus to close at the bladder, resulting in a domed protrusion on the cranial ventral surface of the bladder.

Question 14

What is patent urachus?

Answer 14

A urachus that has not closed up after birth, urine leaks out of the umbilicus.

Question 15

Which species have their testes in their inguinal canal?

Answer 15

Chinchillas

Question 16

Which species have the axis of their epididymous in the cranio-caudal plane?

Answer 16

Horse, dog, cat, pig

Question 17

Which species have their epididymous in the dorso-ventral plane?

Answer 17

Ox and sheep

Question 18

Where does the cremaster muscle originate?

Answer 18

The internal abdominal oblique

Question 19

Name the three ligaments within the scrotum and describe what they attach to.

Answer 19

1) proper ligament of the testes (testes to epididymous)
2) proper ligament of the epididymous (epididymous to internal spermatic fascia)
3) scrotal ligament (internal spermatic fascia to external spermatic fascia)

Question 20

What is the function of the bulbospongiosus muscle?

Answer 20

To empty the urethra

Question 21

What is the function of the corpus spongiosum and the corpus cavernosum?

Answer 21

To fill with blood, majority is the corpus cavernosum.

Question 22

What penile structure is the Os penis formed from?

Answer 22

The corpus spongiosum

Question 23

Which species do not have a bulbospongiosus muscle?

Answer 23

The dog and the Ox

Question 24

What are the roots of the Genitofemoral nerve? What does it innervated in the male?

Answer 24

L3-4, sensory to upper scrotum, autonomic motor to cremaster muscle

Question 25

What are e roots of the pudendal nerve? What does it innervate in the male?

Answer 25

S2-4,

1) Sensory from perineum and penis.
2) Somatic motor to external anal and urethral sphincters, and the retractor penis muscle

Question 26

What are the roots of the Hypogastric nerve? What structures does it innervate in the male.

Answer 26

Stems from the caudal mesenteric ganglion. Used to maintain a flaccid penis, controls tone of arteries supplying cavernous tissue in the penis.

Question 27

What are the roots of the pelvic nerve? What structures does it innervate in the male?

Answer 27

S1-3, parasympathetic, used to generate erection

Question 28

Name the three me sentries that reside within the scrotum

Answer 28

Mesorchium, mesoductus deferens, mesoepididymis

Question 29

What kind of uterus is a Bipartite uterus? Which species have this kind of uterus?

Answer 29

1 cervical uterine horns and a small uterine body. Sheep, horse, pig, dog.

Question 30

What kind of uterus is a Simplex uterus? Which species have this kind of uterus?

Answer 30

1 large uterine body, no horns, 1 cervix. Humans.

Question 31

What kind of uterus is a duplex uterus? Which species have this kind of uterus?

Answer 31

2 cervix, no uterine body, separate horns. Rat, mouse, Rabbit.

Question 32

How is the corpus luteum different from the corpus albicans? Where would you find it?

Answer 32

Corpus luteum resides in the ovary after the oocyte has been released into the infundibulum, it produces progesterone to maintain the lining of the uterus. The corpus albicans is a degenerated corpus luteum, as pregnancy hasn’t taken place. Resides in the ovary too.

Question 33

What is the ovulation fossa?which species would you find it in?

Answer 33

Horse ovaries are present in situ inside out, follicles develop on the inside of the ovary as this is where the cortex resides. The ovulation fossa is the lace where the oocyte emerges from.

Question 34

Which two mesentries support the uterus?

Answer 34

The mesosalpinx and the mesometrium

Question 35

Which species have a closed ovarian bursa?

Answer 35

Dog and cat

Question 36

Which species have an open ovarian bursa?

Answer 36

Sheep, pig, horse, cow

Question 37

What is the gestation period of a cow ?

Answer 37

274

Question 38

What are hippomanes and where would you find them?

Answer 38

In the amniotic fluid of a pregnant mare, it is precipitated out particulate matter.

Question 39

Which artery undulates in a cow during pregnancy?

Answer 39

The middle uterine

Question 40

If the milk vein is occluded during dorsal recumbancy of a cow, how will venous flow change?

Answer 40

Bidirectional flow as valves are incompetent in milk vein, direct blood up to external pudendal and perineal veins

Question 41

How does the epithelium change along the tract of the mammary gland?

Answer 41

Cuboidal in ducts and in the teat sinus, but in the teat canal it is squamous epithelium.

Question 42

WhT is the rosette of furstenburg?

Answer 42

The location for the large population of leukocytes at the internal end of the teat canal.

Question 43

What nerves innervate the cranial skin of the udder?

Answer 43

The iliohypogastric and the ilioinguinal nerves. (l1-2)